BOTANY 400 - Lab Exam 1

Flower Evolution

• 4 Layers/Whorls

• Sepal (Calyx)

• Petal (Corolla)

• Stamen (Androecium)

• Pistil/Carpel (Gynoecium)

Connation

• Fusion of Floral Parts from the Same Whorl

• Circle Number in Floral Formula

Adnation

• Fusion of Floral Parts from Different Whorls

• Line under Fused Parts in Floral Formula

Ovary Superior

• Placement of Ovary above Attachment of Other Parts

• Line Below G in Floral Formula

• Flower is Hypogynous or Perigynous

Ovary Inferior

• Placement of Ovary below Attachment of Other Parts

• Line Above G in Floral Formula

• Flower is Epigynous, Hypanthium often Present

Hypanthium

• Floral Cup around Ovary

• Adnation of Calyx, Corolla, & Androecium

• Floral Formula: CA CO A G

Flower Hypogynous

Placement of Calyx, Corolla, & Androecium under Ovary

• Ovary Superior

• No Hypanthium

Flower Perigynous

Placement of Calyx, Corolla, & Androecium on rim of Hypanthium

• Ovary Superior

• Hypanthium Present

Flower Epigynous

Placement of Calyx, Corolla, & Androecium above Ovary

• Ovary Inferior

• Hypanthium often Present

Monocarpic Pistil

Single Pistil with Only One Carpel

Apocarpic Pistil

Multiple Pistil each with One Carpel

Syncarpic Pistil

Single Pistil with Multiple Fused Carpels

Inflorescence

Cluster of Flowers present in Most Angiosperms

Indeterminate Inflorescences

Inflorescences with the Youngest Flowers at the Top

• Can Grow Indefinitely

• Raceme (Base Form)

• Panicle, Spike, Umbel, Head/Capitulum

Raceme

• Indeterminate Inflorescence

  • Base Form

• Youngest Flowers at the Top

Panicle

• Indeterminate Inflorescence

• Compound Modification

• Each Pedicel becomes Mini-Inflorescence

• Youngest Branches at Top

Spike

• Indeterminate Inflorescence

• Pedicel Loss

• Usually Associated with Congested & Reduced Flowers

  • Often Linked to Wind Pollination

Umbel

• Indeterminate Inflorescence

• Internode Loss

• Multiple Pedicels from One Node

• Often Compounded

• Youngest Flowers in Center

Capitulum

• Indeterminate Inflorescence

• Stem Axis forms Head

• Closely Related to Umbel

• Youngest Flowers in Center

Determinate Inflorescences

Inflorescences with the Oldest Flowers in the Middle & on Top

• Can not Grow Indefinitely

• Younger Flowers Branch Out

• Dichasium (Base Form)

• Cyme, Monochasium, Scirpoid

Dichasium

• Determinate Inflorescence

  • Base Form

• Oldest Flower in Middle and at Top of Stem

• Younger Flowers Branch Out

Cyme

• Determinate Inflorescence

• Compound Modification

• Each Pedicel becomes Mini-Inflorescence

• Oldest Branch in Middle

Monochasium

• Determinate Inflorescence

• Reduction Modification

• Loss of Pedicel on One Side

• Inflorescence becomes Lopsided

• Can be Further Compounded

Scirpoid

• Determinate Inflorescence

• Compound Modification of Monochasium

• Inflorescence becomes Extra Lopsided

Fruit

• Matured Ovary

  • May Contain Other Floral Parts

• Found Only in Angiosperms

True Fruit

Fruit developed from the Ovary and its Contents Alone

Accessory Fruit

Fruit developed from the Ovary & Other Floral Parts

Simple Fruits

• Formed from One Pistil of One Flower

• May be True or Accessory Fruits

• May be Dry or Fleshy

• Most Fruits

Dry Fruits

• Coat becomes Dry & Hard at Maturity

• May be Dehiscent or Indehiscent

• Type of Simple Fruit

Dehiscent Fruits

• Coat opens by Definite Natural Means to shed Contained Seeds

• Legumes, Follicles, & Capsules

• Type of Dry Fruit

• Type of Simple Fruit

Legume

• Dehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• Developed from One Carpel

• Splits along Both Sutures

• Examples: Beans & Peas

Examples of Legumes

Beans & Peas

Follicle

• Dehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• Developed from One Carpel

• Splits along Only One Suture

• Examples: Larkspur & Columbine

Examples of Follicles

Larkspur & Columbine

Capsule

• Dehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• Developed from Many Carpels

• Opens in Many Different Ways

• Types: Loculicidal Capsule, Septicidal Capsule, Silique, Silicle, Pyxis, Poricidal Capsule

Indehiscent Fruits

• Do Not Open to shed Seeds

• Achenes, Nuts, Samaras, Grains, & Schizocarp

• Many One Seeded Fruits

• Type of Dry Fruit

• Type of Simple Fruit

Achene

• Indehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• One Seed

• Small Size

• Seed attached to Fruit Wall at Single Point

• Examples: Buttercups, Dandelions, & Sunflowers

Examples of Achenes

Buttercups, Dandelions, & Sunflowers

Nut

• Indehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• One Seed

• Seed attached to Thick & Hard Wall at Single Point

• Examples: Beech, Chestnut, Oak, Hazel, Walnut, & Hickory

Examples of Nuts

Beech, Chestnut, Oak, Hazel, Walnut, & Hickory

Samara

• Indehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• One or Two Seed(s)

• Part of Fruit Wall grows into Wing

• Examples: Elm, Maple, & Ash

Examples of Samaras

Elm, Maple, & Ash

Grain/Caryopsis

• Indehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• One Seed

• Seed Coat & Fruit Wall Fused

• Examples: Wheat, Corn, & Grasses

Examples of Grains

Wheat, Corn, & All Grasses

Schizocarp

• Indehiscent, Dry, & Simple Fruit

• Formed from Several Carpels

  • Each Carpel encloses One Ovule

• Splits into Separate One-Seeded Mericarps

• Examples: Mallow, Wild Carrot, & Dill

Examples of Schizocarps

Mallow, Wild Carrot, & Dill

Fleshy Fruits

• Wall becomes Soft & Fleshy at Maturity

• Drupes, Berries, & Pomes

• Type of Simple Fruit

Drupe

• Fleshy & Simple Fruit

• One Seed

• Develops from Superior Ovary

• Endocarp (Inner-Wall) becomes Hard & Stony “Pit”

• Thin Skin (Exocarp) & Fleshy Mesocarp

• Examples: Cherry, Peach, Olive, & Coconut

Examples of Drupes

Cherries, Peaches, Olives, & Coconuts

Berry

• Fleshy & Simple Fruit

• Develops from One Flower with Single Ovary

• May have Many Seeds

• Ovary Wall Fleshy, Enlarged, & Usually Juicy Throughout

• Examples: Grape, Banana, Gooseberry

• Special Varieties: Hesperidium & Pepo

Examples of Berries

Grapes, Bananas, & Gooseberries

Hesperidium

• Fleshy & Simple Fruit

• Special Type of Berry

• Leathery Rind

• Interior Divided by Septa

  • Indicates Number of Carpels

• Examples: Citrus Fruits like Lemons & Oranges

Examples of Hesperidiums

Citrus Fruits like Lemons & Oranges

Pepo

• Fleshy & Simple Fruit

• Special Type of Berry

• Hard Rind

• Interior Undivided

• Examples: Watermelon, Gourds, & Squash

Examples of Pepos

Watermelon, Gourds, & Squash

Pome

• Fleshy, Simple, & Accessory Fruit

• Develops from Group of Carpels United

• Carpels enclosed by Receptacle and/or Hypanthium

• Examples: Apple, Pear, Hawthorn, & Mountain Ash

Examples of Pomes

Apples, Pears, Hawthorns, & Mountain Ash

Aggregate Fruits

• Formed from Many Pistils of One Flower

• May be True or Accessory Fruits

• Individual Units may be Berries or Types of Simple Fruit

• Examples: Raspberry, Blackberry, & Strawberry

Raspberries & Blackberries

• Aggregate Fruit

• Cluster of Tiny Drupes (Drupelets)

Strawberries

• Accessory & Aggregate Fruit

• Fleshy Part developed from Receptacle

• Achenes on Outside are True Fruit

Multiple Fruit

• Formed from Many Pistils from Multiple Flowers

  • Develops from Condensed Inflorescence

• Often includes Accessory Parts

• Examples: Pineapples, Figs, & Mulberries

Blade

The Main '“Leafy” Part of the Leaf

Petiole

The Stem of the Leaf

Stipules

Small Leaflike Appendages at the Base of the Petiole where the Leaf attaches to the Main Stem

Axillary Bud

Embryonic Shoot in the Leaf Axile between the Petiole & Stem

Midrib

The Main Central Vein of the Leaf continuing from the Petiole

Veins

Structures emerging from the Midrib that give the Leaf Structure

Leaf Base

Lower Part of the Leaf Blade connecting to the Petiole

Leaf Axil

The Upper Angle between the Petiole & Main Stem

Margin

The Edge of the Leaf Blade

Leaf Tip

The Terminal End of the Leaf Blade

Sessile

Term for a Leaf with No Petiole

Exstipulate

Term for a Leaf with No Stipules

Simple Leaf

A Leaf with Only One Leaf Blade

Compound Leaf

A Leaf with Multiple Leaf Blades called Leaflets

Leaflet

One of the Leaf Blades lacking an Axillary Bud in a Compound Leaf

Petiolule

The Stem attaching a Leaflet to the Petiole

Rachis

The Section of Petiole/Stem between Pairs of Leaflets

Unlobed

Type of Simple Leaf Shape

Pinnately Lobed

Type of Simple Leaf Shape

Palmately Lobed

Type of Simple Leaf Shape

Pinnate

Type of Compound Leaf Shape with Leaflets along the Sides

Palmate

Type of Compound Leaf Shape with Five Leaflets

Trifoliate

Type of Compound Leaf Shape with Three Leaflets

Alternate Leaf Arrangement

Arrangement of One Leaf per Node that changes which Side of Stem it’s on with Each Node

Opposite Leaf Arrangement

Arrangement of Two Leaves per Node that are on Each Side of Stem

Whorled Leaf Arrangement

Arrangement of Many Leaves per Node pointing in Every Direction

Opposite Woody Plants

Maple, Ash, Dogwood, Family Caprifoliaceae, & Horse Chestnut

Pinnate Venation

Venation with Single Midrib giving rise to Lateral Veins

Palmate Venation

Venation with Multiple Midribs dividing into Veinlets to create Reticulated Pattern

Parallel Venation

Venation with Veins running Parallel to Each Other within Leaf Blade

Blade/Base Shapes

Linear, Lanceolate, Oblong, Elliptical, Ovate, & Cordate

Linear

Blade Shape that’s Very Long & Narrow

Lanceolate

Blade Shape with Relatively Wider Base that Tapers to Narrow Tip

Oblong

Blade Shape that’s Long & Narrow with Nearly Parallel Sides

Elliptical

Blade Shape with Wide Middle & Rounded, Tapering Margins

Ovate

Blade Shape with Wide Base that Tapers to Narrower Tip

Cordate

Blade Shape with Wide & Notched Base that Curves Inward

Leaf Margin Types

Entire, Serrate, Sinuate, Dentate, Crenate, & Lobed

Entire Margin

Leaf Margin with Smooth Edge