Endocrine glands

What is the descriptor of the pituitary gland

two glands in one

What are the two pieces of the pituitary gland

anterior gland and posterior gland

anterior gland develops from

the oral cavity, adenohypophysis

Pieces of the anterior gland

larger 2/3

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

Where does the posterior gland develop from

the brain, neurohypophysis

What does the posterior gland do

grows down from the diencephalon as a stalk, infundibulum

What is pars nervosa a part of

posterior gland

What is the pars distalis have

chromophils, granulated

What percent is pars distalis in the adenohypophysis

75%

What are both parts connected to

the base of the brain hypothalamus

What is the portal system from the hypothalamus to adenohypophysis

vascular portal system

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

bundle of axons connecting the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis

what is the blood supply to the pituitary gland

internal carotid artery

What is the superior hypophyseal artery

internal carotid artery

portal system; primary capillary plexus of fenestrated capillaries(median eminance and infundibulum)

secondary capillary plexus (adenohypophysis)

What controls the adenohypophysis

hypothalamic regulatory hormones are released from small neurons near the third ventricle

discharged into the portal system from axons in the median eminence

How is it transported

by capillaries of the portal system throughout the anterior pituitary

What is the pars nervosa made of

neural tissue

What secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin

unmyelinated axons from large secretory neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hympothalamus

Where do the hormones accumulate for the pars nervosa

in axonal dilations; neurosecretory Herring bodies

What are hormones taken up by

fenestrated capillaries of par nervosa

What are the 2 parts of neurohypophysis

Pars nervosa and infundibulum

What does the thyroid follicles have

epithelium thyrocytes; central lumen

What does the central lumen have

filled with colloid

what does colloid do

stores secretion of thyrocytes

What does colloid contain

glycoprotein thyroglobulin ( inactive)

What are the parathyroid glands

four small masses or flattened oval discs on the back of the thyroid gland; embedded int he thyroid galnd capsule

What is the microanatomy of parathyroid gland

principle chief cells, oxyphil cells, and sparse reticular stroma

What does the principal or chief cell do

produces parathyroid hormone

What are the components of the adrenal cortex

steroid secreting cells, zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis

What does the adrenal medula contain

profuse supply of sinusoidal capillaries

chromaffin cells

What are Chromaffin cells

modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons; secretory neurons

What are the secretory Chromaffin cells

catecholamines; secrete epinephrine primarily and norepinephrine

What is the pancreas

mixed exocrine and endocrine glands

Where does the pancreatic duct extend

the full length of gland

What is the other name for the pancreatic duct

Duct of Wirsung

What does the pancreatic duct receive

smaller ducts from lobes and lobules

What is the pattern of the pancreatic duct

Herring bone

What is the relation of the pancreatic and common bile duct

pancreatic duct comes into relation with the common biie duct which lies to its right

Where both ducts end

in a common opening on the top of the duodenal papillae, located on the medial wall of the duodenum

What kind of gland of is the pancreatic acini

exocrine

What are the pancreatic acini

serous acini

What do the acini have

pyramidal serous cells

What does the apical portion of the pyramidal serous cell have

zymogen granules; contains proenzymes of digestive enzymes

What do the serous acini not have

myoepithelial in the basal lamina and reticular fiber

What are centroacinar cells

squamous or low cuboidal; beginning of the intercalated duct

How are the islets of Langerhans arranged

in cords or plates 1-2 cells thick; surrounded by a fine capsule and abundance of fenestrated capillaries

What do the islets of Langerhans contain

four main types of endocrine cells

What are the 4 types

alpha, beta, delta, and F cell

What is the microanatomy of pineal gland

Pinealocytes

What do the pinealocytes do

produce melatonin

What innervates the pinealocytes

by unmyelinated sympathetic fibers

What diffuse in the neuroendocrine system

neuroendocrine cells

What do the DNES do

act like neurons that secrete hormones

Where are DNES found

in almost every tissue of the body

What does the DNES produce

hormones that act locally or paracrine

What is the endocrine portion of the pnacreas

Islet of Langerhans

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas

pancreatic acini