the real deal

2

10

false

13

Golden Gate uses restriction enzymes and ligase; Gibson uses longer homologous overlaps

16

dry cell weight

18

drift

22

The antibiotic diffuses outward and reaches inhibitory concentrations near the disk

25

Gene duplication creates an extra copy of a gene, so one copy can keep its original function while the other accumulates mutations. Over time, the extra copy may evolve a new function that helps the organism adapt to its environment.

31

planktonic to sessile biofilm growth

36

in silico

37

Different histone chemical modifications can change access to genes

39

Pigment synthesis costs resources but provides little benefit without light

40

Sequence pooled environmental DNA using metagenomics

42

49

Minimum inhibitory concentration

53

Cells are relatively metabolically uniform and actively responding to conditions

55

It serves as an inducer that turns on lac-controlled transcription

60

To create restriction sites or homologous overlaps needed for assembly

62

generation

63

minimum inhibitory concentration

64

false

65

bacteriostatic

66

heterologous expression

68

Answer:

The sequence of the single-guide RNA

69

false

74

false

75

transposable element

77

dispersal

82

stationary phase

85

to devote more sequencing reads to informative mRNA transcripts

86

The disrupted locus may be important for growth under phosphate limitation

89

shared genes are the core genome; all shared and variable genes together form the pan genome

91

It slows growth, reducing cellular activity until conditions improve

92

false

95

quorum sensing

98

It contains DNA from more than one biological source

99

true

100

horizontal gene transfer

101

membrane filtration

103

Fresh medium enters while spent medium is removed

105

The mutation arose by chance, and the antibiotic selected cells carrying it

108

They align complementary DNA ends so ligase can seal the backbone

109

lag

Quorum sensing allows bacteria to communicate and sense when enough cells are present to work together. This makes toxin production and biofilm formation more effective because the bacteria can coordinate these activities at the same time. A quorum-sensing inhibitor could reduce virulence by blocking communication between the bacteria, preventing them from coordinating harmful behaviors without directly killing the cells.

112

E. coli can serve as an easy-to-grow, easily transformed vector host for plasmid storage and replication

113

single guide

114

true

115

Cells are removed faster than they are replaced, producing washout

119

false

121

Selection is when only cells with a certain mutation survive or grow, such as antibiotic resistance. Screening is when you look through colonies to find a specific trait, such as a change in colony color. Selection is faster because unwanted cells are eliminated, while screening requires checking the cells individually to find the desired mutant.

122

To identify genomic regions that are expressed as genes

123

De novo assembly based on overlapping sequence reads

125

The response regulator is not efficiently phosphorylated

126

An OD reading measures how much light bacteria scatter, not the exact number of cells. A standard curve is needed to relate the OD reading to cell concentration. OD is especially unreliable when the culture is too dense because the cells scatter too much light, making the reading less accurate.

135

1.2 × 10^8 CFU/mL

141

Golden Gate cloning uses restriction enzymes to create compatible sticky ends, while Gibson assembly uses overlapping DNA sequences to join fragments together. Golden Gate relies on specific restriction sites, while Gibson requires matching overlapping regions. This means Gibson can join fragments with more flexible designs, while Golden Gate is useful for assembling multiple fragments in a specific order.

146

Use directed mutagenesis to target the specific gene

147

So the inserted DNA can be maintained and copied as host cells grow

148

orthologs