adolescent behavior exam 3

dr. hagler fmu

Self-understanding

Cognitive representation of the self, including substance and content of self-conceptions.

Self-consciousness and Social Comparison

Adolescents increasingly compare themselves to peers and worry about others' evaluations.

Real vs. Possible vs. Ideal Selves

The actual self compared to what one might become, would like to become, or fears becoming.

True vs. False Selves

The authentic self expressed with some people versus the inauthentic self displayed with others.

Self-Esteem in Adolescence

Tends to decrease during early adolescence, particularly for girls.

Correlates of Self-Esteem

Physical appearance is typically the strongest correlate of global self-esteem in adolescence.

Adolescent Egocentrism

Heightened self-consciousness consisting of an imaginary audience and a personal fable.

Imaginary Audience

Belief that others are as interested in the adolescent as they are in themselves.

Personal Fable

An adolescent's belief in personal uniqueness and invulnerability.

Erikson's Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Stage where adolescents must resolve the crisis of figuring out who they are and their life path.

Critiques of Erikson's Theory

Critics argue it focuses too heavily on male development and lacks robust empirical validation.

Marcia's Four Identity Statuses

Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement, based on exploration and commitment dimensions.

Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN)

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Changes in Big 5 During Adolescence

Conscientiousness and agreeableness generally increase from adolescence into young adulthood.

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional moral reasoning levels.

Religion vs. Religiosity vs. Spirituality

Distinction between religious affiliation, degree of religious commitment, and personal spiritual experiences.

Positive Impacts of Religion on Adolescents

Associated with lower substance abuse, higher grades, and enhanced overall well-being.

Middle School Transition Issues

Includes the top-dog phenomenon, drop in self-esteem, and a larger, less personal environment.

School Dropout Risk Factors

Low academic achievement, low socioeconomic status, and lack of family or school engagement.

Three Teaching Styles

Authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive, each yielding different academic and social student outcomes.

Characteristics of Bullies

Often impulsive, aggressive, lacking empathy, and driven by a need to dominate peers.

Characteristics of Bullying Victims

Often anxious, socially withdrawn, passive, and perceived as physically weaker than peers.

IDEA Act

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ensuring free appropriate public education for students with disabilities.

Specific Learning Disabilities

Difficulties in listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling, or math despite normal intelligence.

ADHD Symptoms and Causes

Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; influenced by genetics and brain differences.

School-to-Prison Pipeline

Policies and practices that push school-age children out of classrooms and into the juvenile justice system.

Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultures

Cultures emphasizing personal independence and achievement versus group goals and interdependence.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture.

Federal Poverty Line

An official measure of poverty critics argue is inadequately adjusted for inflation and modern cost of living.

The American Dream

The belief that hard work guarantees upward mobility, often constrained by systemic inequalities.

Acculturation Statuses

Integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization resulting from contact between different cultures.

Immigrant Paradox

The finding that immigrant youth often have better outcomes than expected despite socioeconomic disadvantages.