PBSI 350 TA Exam 3 Material

Cells in ______ (aka V5) appear to _____ different kinds of cues (binocular disparity, motion parallax) to code for _____.

MT, integrate, depth

____ reference frames are more cognitively demanding to follow and _____ reference frames are easier to follow and specify location in relation to some aspect of the self.

Allocentric, egocentric

The pattern of movement of images on your retina as you move actively through an environment is known as ___ ____. The area known as _____, which receives input from V5, is known to code for this pattern.

Optic flow, MST

Motor regions that are planning to move the eyes send a ____ ____, a signal about eye movements to sensory regions.

Efference copy

To infer the speed and direction of moving objects, ____ ___ integrates information about the body's movement with visual information.

MST

To reach for a cup, the _____ ____ provides information about the cup's distance, orientation and relative spatial relationship. This informs ____ regions for creating the appropriate handshape and movement to grasp.

dorsal stream, premotor

The ability to motorically produce or manipulate items so that they have a particular spatial relationship is called ____ ____.

Construction praxis

The ____ ____ ____ contributes to visually guided reaching.

Parietal reach region (PRR)

Damage to the ____ stream is associated with landmark agnosia.

Ventral

The ____ ____ ____ codes for landmarks relevant to navigation, whereas the ____ ____ determines a person's location within a familiar spatial environment.

Parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial complex (RSC)

The _____ hemisphere plays a leading role in speech production.

Left

The inability to link a speech sound to meaning describes ______ aphasia, whereas the inability to produce speech describes _____ aphasia.

Wernicke's, Broca's

In ____ aphasia, individuals frequently fail to choose the appropriate word, producing paraphasias, which include _____ paraphasia, _____ paraphasia, and ______.

Wernicke's, semantic, phonemic, neologisms

Psycholinguists divide language into 3 main components: ____, ____, and ____.

Phonology, syntax, semantics

Broca's aphasia is associated with difficulty assembling ____ into fluent speech and Wernicke's aphasia is associated with the wrong selection of ____ or _____.

Phonemes, words, meanings

The sentence "The boy that was chasing the girl was fast" highlight's the importance of ____. The knowledge of syntax appears to be spared in ____ aphasia, whereas people with ____ aphasia often understand individual words but fail to comprehend the ____ structure of a sentence.

Syntax, Wernicke's, Broca's, grammatical

A person with Broca's aphasia to shows _____ syntax, but relatively ____ semantics. In contrast, a person with Wernicke's aphasia shows relatively intact _____, but impaired ____.

Impaired, intact, syntax, semantics

Syntax and semantics rely on partially separable neural systems along an anterior-posterior axis; whereas semantics is more ____, syntax is considered more ____.

Posterior, anterior

Language relies on interacting dorsal and ventral pathways. Sound-to-action relies more on the ____ pathway, whereas sound-to-meaning relies on the ____ pathway.

Dorsal, ventral

While Broca's and Wernicke's areas remain important, language is a _______, not a location.

Network

Damage to the left ____ ____ is commonly associated with co-occurring alexia and agraphia.

Angular gyrus

In the ____ route to reading, print is directly associated with meaning without the use of a _____ intermediary.

Direct, phonological

The ____ route to reading appears to rely on a ____ route. In that route, the ____ _____ plays a role in symbol to sound transformation.

Phonological, dorsal, supramarginal gyrus

The ____ route to reading appears to rely on ____ route. In this route, the ____ ____ processes the symbol (e.g. written words), with the support of more anterior regions of the inferior frontal gyrus involved in _____ processing.

Direct, ventral, angular gyrus, semantic

An important component of language is the rise and fall in intonation known as _____, which helps interpret meaning from emphasis, stress, and intonation.

Prosody

____ hemisphere compliments the left-hemisphere language systems by helping us understand language beyond the individual words.

Right

Processing of the second language is more difficult for _____ (learned second language later in life) than ______ bilinguals (learned both languages from birth).

Sequential, simultaneous

A second language recruits more ____ resources and may be more effortful to process, especially when learned later in life

Executive-control

The process that allows us to remember our experiences, shape us, and change our brains and our behavior is called _____.

Memory

____ is the limited, temporary storage, for holding information briefly and manipulating information. Information _____ without rehearsal. Working memory performance will ____ if rehearsal is suppressed.

Working memory, decays, decrease

_____ ____ memory is characterized by substantially larger capacity, and can last from minutes up to a lifetime.

Long-term

Memories are _______. Information from a variety of different brain regions _____ in the ______ cortex to enter the hippocampus. The goal is to ____ together the different components of an experience in hippocampus and form an ____ that will support later retrieval.

Multimodal, converges, entorhinal, bind, index

Associated with early Alzheimer's disease and damages to the hippocampal memory system, ____ amnesia is the difficulty forming new long-term memories after injury or disease.

Anterograde

_____ amnesia is frequently associated with brain injury specially concussion following a car accident or football injury.

Retrograde

In the example sentence "I remember Hawaii has 8 main islands" is mostly a ____ memory whereas "I remember visiting Hawaii last summer with family" is mostly an ____ memory.

Semantic, episodic

Working memory reflects both ____ and _____. Working memory functions as a ____ ____.

Maintenance, manipulation, mental workspace

The ____ serves as a key hub within the ________ network, which supports the executive control and manipulation of information in working memory.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), frontoparietal

For most tasks in our daily life, we heavily rely on both working memory and LTM. The _____ of these two allows for effective communication.

Interaction

The _____ loop processes verbal and auditory information and the _____ ____ directs and supervises the entire system. Working memory immediately benefits from the rich store of information that _____ can provide.

Phonological, central executive, long-term memory (LTM)

Spatial information comes from the ______ cortex and the ______ cortex, whereas object information comes from ____ cortex. Information will _____ on the entorhinal cortex.

Retrosplenial, parahippocampal, perirhinal, converge

The _____ ______ cortex forms schemas that allow higher-knowledge to be integrated with current circumstances.

Ventromedial prefrontal

The ability to distinguish between similar items or scenes involves the hippocampus' ____ gyrus. Without pattern separation, similar experiences would start to ___ together.

Dentate, blend

The Hippocampus supports memory _____, the process by which memories are strengthened over time to allow for long-term retention. For example during sleep, memories are replayed in a process known as offline ____ ____.

Consolidation, memory replay

Memories are ______ across cortex. During retrieval, the hippocampus can use a ____ to reactivate these cortical representations. Retrieval partially recreates the pattern of brain activity present during encoding, a process called ____ ____.

Distributed, cue, cortical reinstatement

More detailed memories are associated with higher ____ between the encoding and the retrieval pattern.

Similarity

Reinstatement is not an exact _____. It is ____, which is consistent with how prior knowledge and expectations shape what we remember.

Replay, reconstructive

The ____ ____ enables learning in an incremental and implicit manner.

Basal ganglia

A major role of the amygdala is associating stimuli with ______ responses, contributing to memory and learning.

Emotional

The ____ ____ lobe regions play a role in retaining information that is not linked to particular modality and seem to support semantic processing.

Anterior temporal

Attention has three primary functions including ____ information, ___ features together, and ____ the competition among stimuli that compete for our attention.

selecting, binding, resolving

Attending only the 'mystery' aisle at a bookstore when looking for mystery books is an example of ____ ___ attention. Whereas, should a fire alarm go off, our attention would be immediately _____ in a bottom-up way.

Top-down, captured

Describing attention enhances processing within the illuminated area reflects the ____ metaphor of attention.

Spotlight

According to _____, unattended messages are not ____ outright, but instead pass on through weakly.

Treisman (attenuation theory), filtered

Attention ______ the processing for the attended stimulus, as shown by the ERPs of a left-ear and right-ear tone.

Enhances

The _____ _____ allows for quick detection of salient stimuli and the control of eye movements to those stimuli.

Superior colliculus

Parietal lobe sends streams of information to account for both top-down and bottom-up information. The _____ ______ is the region where the information is integrated to determine attention allocation and priority. Therefore IPS is considered the map of ____ _____, Before encountering a visual scene, the ____ _____ map is ready to guide ____ movements strategically.

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS), attentional priority, attentional priority, eye

According to ____ _____ theory, the brain first analyzes the disassembled features, then with the aid of attention, it binds into a coherent object.

Feature integration

Everyday multiple stimuli are ____ for our attention. Attention ____ the competition, helping declare a winner. The winner enjoys the brain's further _____.

Competing, resolves, processing

According to Desimone and Duncan's theory of Biased Competition, attention ____ the competition to resolve who will win the brain's precious resources that stimuli compete for.

Biases

According to Mesulam's model, a reticular component provides the underlying level of ____ and vigilance, the posterior parietal lobe provides a ____ map, the cingular gyrus provides _____ significance, and the ____ lobe provides the motor programs for exploration scanning, reaching and fixating.

Arousal, sensory, motivational, frontal

According to Posner's model, attention relies on three functional modes: ____, ____, and ____.

Alerting, orienting, executive

According to Corbetta and Shulman, the ____ attention network is involved in goal-directed aspects of attention whereas ____ attentional network is specialized to detect behaviourally relevant stimuli.

Dorsal, ventral

The _____ ____ network is involved in directing attention to internal states, including thoughts and ideas. The core system of this network is involved in _____ ____ processing, whereas medial temporal subsystems handle ____ ____ and dorsal medial subsystems handle _____ thought and _____.

Default mode, self-referential, mental simulation, conceptual, mentalizing