Bio Lab Study

Negative Control

A sample or event that is not exposed to the testing procedure

Data

Results of an experiment

Theory

An encompassing conclusion based on many individual conclusions in the same field

Observation

Help scientists begin their study of a particular study

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation on why something works

Conclusion

End of the scientific method

Stereomicroscope

Microscope designed to study entire objects in three dimensions at low magnification

Compound light microscope

Microscope used for examining small or thinly sliced sections of objects under high magnification

Compound

Refers to the use of two sets of lenses

Transmission electron microscope

Analogous to the compound light microscope

Scanning electron microscope

Analogous to the dissecting light microscope

Transmission electron microscope

Analogous to the compound light microscope

Binocular head

Holds two eyepiece lenses that move to accommodate for the various distances between different individuals’ eyes

Eyepiece lenses

The two lenses located on the binocular head

Independent Focusing eyepiece

Allows for independent adjustment of each eye

Fixed eyepiece

The nonadjustable eyepiece

Focusing knob

A large knob on the arm of the microscope used for changing the focus of both eyepieces together

Magnification changing knob

Used to change magnification in both eyepieces simultaneously

Illuminator

Used to illuminate objects from above

Viewing head

Holds the ocular lenses

Arm

Supports upper parts and provides carrying handle

Nosepiece

Revolving device that holds objectives

Scanning objectives

The shortest of the objective lenses and is used to scan the whole slide (Mag 4x)

Low-power objectives

Lens that is longer than the scanning objective lens and is used to view objects in greater detail (Mag 10x)

Power objective

Used to view an object in even in greater detail (Mag 40x)

Oil immersion objective

Used in conjunction with immersion oil to jiew objects with the greatest magnification (Mag 100x)

Stage

Platform that holds and supports microscope slides

Stage clips

Clips that hold a slide into place

Mechanical stage control knobs

Two knobs that control forward/reverse movement and right/left movement

Coarse-Adjustment knob

Knob used to bring objects into approximate focus

Fine Adjustment knob

Knob used to bring objects into final focus

Condenser

Lens system below the stage used to focus the beam of light on the object being seen

Diaphragm control lever

Lever that controls the amount of light passing through the condenser

Light source

An attached lamp that directs a beam of light up through the object

Base

The flat surface of the microscope that rests on the table

Parafocal

The term that states that when an object is in focus with the lower power is should also be almost in focus with the higher power

Field of View

The circle visible through the lenses

Diameter of field

The length of the field from one edge to the other

Depth of Field

The area from top to bottom that comes into focus while slowly focusing up and down with the microscope’s fine adjustment knob

Wet mount

Prepared by placing a drop of liquid on a slide and then placing a coverslip on top

Cell theory

The theory that all organisms are composed of cells and that cells come only from other cells

Cytoplasm

The content of a cell

Plasma Membrane

Regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that do not contain nuclei and are classified as Bacteria and Archaea

Diffusion

The movement of molecules form a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed equally

Temperature, the size, and the type of medium

What is the speed of diffusion dependent

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across the plasma membrane

Tonicity

The relative concentration of solute outside the cell compared with inside of the cell.

Isotonic Solution

Has the same concentration of solute as the cell (Equilibrium)

Hypertonic Solution

Has a higher solute concentration than the cell

Hypotonic Solution

Has a lower solute concentration than the cell

Crenation

What is it called when the cell shrivels?

Hemolysis

What is it called when the cell swells to almost bursting

Turgor pressure

When plant cells are in a hypotonic solution the large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure

Plasmolysis

When the cells are in a hypertonic solution the central vacuole loses water and the cytoplasm, including the chloroplasts, pulls away from the cell wall?

pH scale

Ranges 0 to 14 where 7 is neutral, lower than 7 is basic, greater than 7 is acidic

Buffer

A system of chemicals that takes up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions to maintain an ideal pH

Reactants

The molecules that undergo a change

Products

What is made during the course of reactions?

Enzymes

Organic catalysts that speed metabolic reaction

Catalase

Speeds the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide

Substrates

The reactants in an enzymatic chemical reaction

Degradation Reaction

The substrate is broken down to the products

Synthesis reaction

Substrates are joined to form a product

Active Site

The location where the enzyme and substrate meet.

Temperature

A change in _________ can increase the activity of an enzyme

Denatures

An enzyme loses its original shape and the active site will no longer function to bring reactants together

Optimal pH

The pH where enzymes in which the speed of the reaction occurs most efficiently

Cellular Respiration

An ATP generating process that involves the complete breakdown most often of glucose to carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Chemical equation of Cellular respiration

Ethanol Fermentation

The anaerobic form of cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

Involves the use of solar energy to produce a carbohydrate

CO2 + h2O → (CH2O) + O2

Photosynthesis reaction

Chromatography

To separate the pigments located in leaves

Net photosynthesis

A measurement that does not take into account the oxygen that was used up for cellular respiration

Gross Photosynthesis

Which is net photosythesis + cellular respiration

Rate of Photosynthesis

You find this when you take gross photosynthesis x 6

Less CO2, more O2 due to photosynthesis

Plant in light

Fish in light and dark

Less O2, more CO2 due to cellular rspiration

Plant in dark

Less O2, more CO2 due to cellular respiration

Degredation

What kind of reaction are catalases involved in

Peroxisome

A cellular organelle which contains catalase and is present in every plant and animal organ

Organelles

Small membranous bodies each with a specific structure and functions

Cytoplasm

The material enclosed by a plasma membrane and cell wall