Psychology test 1 study guide

What roles do the frontal loves and hippocampus play in memory processing

The frontal lobes and Hippocampus work together as a network to process memories.

• Hippocampus: temporary holding station

• Frontal lobe: managing working memory and retrieval

What roles do the cerebellum and basal ganglia play in memory processing?

They are key brains structures dedicated to FORMING and storing implicit memory. (memories that are used unconsciously)

How do emotions affect our memory processing?

Emotions strongly shape how the brain encodes, store and recall memories.

• simultaneous activity within the AMYGDALA (processes emotion) and HIPPOCAMPUS (builds memories)

What part of the brain is important for Implicit memory formation?

cerebellum and basal ganglia

What part of the brain is important for Explicit memory formation?

the Hippocampus

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory

• implicit: unconscious and automatic

• explicit: conscious effort

what are the two types of processing and whats is the difference?

Type 1

• fast and automatic

• unconscious or conscious, happens without active thought

• gut feelings and past experiences

• ex: ducking when a ball is thrown

Type 2

• slow

• reflective and analytical

• requires mental effort

• ex: solving math

What kind of memories are non declarative and what does it mean?

Unconscious type of long term memory that guides your behavior and performance without conscious thought.

• also known as implicit memory

What kind of memories are declarative and what does it mean?

Long term memory that involves conscious recall of facts and events that you can verbalize and describe out loud.

What part of the brain are non declarative and declarative memories processed in?

• non declarative: cerebellum and basal ganglia

• declarative: hippocampus

What process MOST memories

Hippocampus

What process EMOTIONAL memories

Amygdala

How do psychologists describe th human memory system

Encoding

storage

retrieval

What is encoding

Converting incoming environmental data into neural codes the brain can accept and represent

What is storage?

Maintaining and stabilizing the encoded traces over time. heavily involves hippocampus.

What is retrieval

Accessing and pulling stored information back into conscious awareness.

What are the two primary functions of working memory

• temporary storage

• active manipulation and processing of info

what is the difference between shallow processing and deep processing, how does it affect encoding

• shallow: surface level, physical, or sensory features of information

• week memory

• deep: analyzes info based on meaning, context, and connections to existing knowledge.

• stronger memory, able to recall easier later on

Information we process automatically

• space

• time

• frequency

• meaning of words

• routine actions

How does sensory memory work?

Sensory memory works by automatically capturing raw information using your 5 senses.

What is short term memory capacity?

7 (items) ± 2
Modern views: Limit to 4 chunks of info now

What is long term memory capacity

pretty much unlimited if the information is practiced continuously

How do scientists measure retention?

Recall

recognition

relearning

What is recall

retrieving previously learned information from memory using minimal or no external clues

what is recognition

identifying previously learned information when presented with a choice or array of options

what is relearning

Learning information a second time that was previously committed to memory but seemingly forgotten.

What is priming

exposure to one stimulus influences the response of another without any conscious awareness.

What is context depended memory

Easier to retrieve information from memory when the external environment matches the same environment where the memory was originally formed.

What is state dependent memory

Easier to retrieve information from memory when ur internal emotional state during retrieval matches ur state when it was formed.

What is serial position effect

The psychological phenomenon where a person’s ability to recall items from a list depends heavily on where the items are located within the sequence.

Why do we forget

Biological function that helps the Brian stay efficient to adapt to new things and avoiding overload

• poor encoding, storage decay, external factors such as sleep and stress.

how does misinformation imagination and source amnesia influence our memory construction

Leads people to rebuild collections with false details that feel real.

• misinformation: exposure to misleading details

• imagination: creating false events that u think happened

• source amnesia: ppl rmbr an idea or heard smth but forget where or how they learned it.

What is functionalism

School of thought that focuses on the purpose and function of the mind and behavior rather than its static structure.

What is structuralism

One of the first school of thought. Sought to breakdown conscious mental processes into their most basic functional elements.

William James

• 1842-1910

• New York city

• psychologist and philosopher

• pioneered functionalism

Mary Whiton Calkins

• 1863-1930 early academic researcher

• Hartford Connecticut, lived in Massachusetts

• Psychologist, philosopher, professor

• invented paired-associate technique. self psychology, 1st psychology lab at a Women’s college

Wilhelm Wundt

• 1832-1920 father of experimental psychology

• Neckarau Germany

• Physician, physiologist, philosopher, and psychologist

• played the groundwork for structuralism. proved mind could be studied. Invented Introspection

Margaret flow Washburn

• 1871-1939 1st woman in the US to earn a Ph.D in psychology

• New york

• Psychologist, professor, author, researcher

• Founding figure in animal psychology. Motor theory of consciousness bridging the gap between structuralism and behaviorism.

Sigmund Freud

• 1856-1939 founder of psychoanalysis

• Freiberg, Moravia (now Czech Republic) spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria.

• Neurologist, psychiatrist, author and clinician

• Then unconscious mind, structure of personality, pioneered talk therapy. recognized defense mechanisms.

B.F Skinner

• 1904-1990 modern architect of behaviorism

• Psychologist, behaviorist, author and inventor

• Operant conditioning. Radical behaviorism

Edward Titchener

• 1867-1927 studied under Wilhelm Wundt

• Chichester, United Kingdom. adult life spent in Cornell University in new york

• Psychologist, professor, translator, and author

• Founded Structuralism

• The elements of mind (sensations, images, affections) translating Wundt’s work. Founded the Experimentalists

John B Watson

• 1878-1958 Established Behaviorism

• South Carolina, most work life happened in John Hopkins University

• Psychologist, professor, author, advertising executive

• Founding of Behaviorism

• The “little Albert” experiment. Trained an infant to fear a white rat by repeating a steel bar to make a terrifying noise whenever the rat was presented. Environmentalism, believe that the environment shapes everything.

Ivan Pavlov

• 1849-1936

• Ryazan, Russia. Research years in St. Petersburg.

• Physiologist, experimental neurologist, physician

• discovery of Classical conditioning. (dog salivating before tasting food) Created the blue print of learning. Concepts of extinction and generalization. Helped found behaviorism. Won a Nobel prize in physiology or medicine.

Rene Descartes

• 1596-1650 Father of modern philosophy

• born in La Haye en Touraine, France. Working In the Dutch Republic

• Philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist

• mind body dualism ( cartesian dualism. argued that the universe consists of 2 distinct substances, Res extends, the body, and res Cogitans, the soul) The pineal gland interaction. Reflex action.

• Championed Rationalism

John Locke

• 1632-1704 most influential enlightenment thinkers. Father of Liberalism

• Born Wrington, Somerset, England. Spent academic life at University of Oxford

• Philosopher, physician, political theorist, and gov. official

• The blank state. Fiercely rejecting Rene Descartes theory of innate ideas. Argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate.

• Empiricism. All human knowledge and skills are derived from experience and sensory perception.

• Associationism. A blank slate learns by introducing the association of ideas.

Descriptive research

study method that measures and records, the characteristics, and behaviors, or phenomena of a population without manipulating any variables or explaining why they happen.

• purpose: answer, what, where, when, and how

• Surveys, observational, case studies.

Correlation research

Non experimental that measures the statistical relationship between 2 or more variables to determine if they change together

• purpose: identify patterns, trends and associations. predict future outcomes.

• data collection

• statistical analysis

experimental research

method that manipulates an independent variable to measure its direct effect on a dependent variable. Establishing a cause and effect relationship.]

• purpose: prove cause and effect relationship. test hypothesis. determine specific intervention produces a change in outcome

• manipulating independent variable. control and experimental groups. measurement and analysis

Observational research

non experimental. researchers watch, measure, and record behaviors, actions, or phenomena of subjects w/o interacting or manipulating them.

• purpose: capture authentic real-world behavior. Study sensitive or unconscious behaviors. Explore complex social dynamics.

• naturalistic observation. controlled observation.

what are psychology's level of analysis\

• biological: physical root causes of behavior

• psychological: internal and individual mental processes

• sociocultural: investigates external surroundings and social forces

Biological perspective

How the body and brain enables emotions, memories,a nd sensory experiences

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

behavior genetic perspective

How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Psychodynamic perspective

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

behavioral perspective

how we learn observable responses

cognitive perspective

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information

social cultural perspective

how behavior and thinking cary across situations and cultures

Positive correlation

when both variables change in the same direction

negative correlation

variables change in opposite directions

intrinsic motivation

internal drive to do smth for its own inherent satisfaction and enjoyment

extrinsic motivation

motivation to do smth because of an external reward or to avoid a negative consequence

Classical conditioning

unconscious learning where a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a natural, involuntary reflex until it becomes associated (ringing bell for dog, dog salivates)

Operant conditioning

learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences, using reinforcement and punishment,

observational learning

process of acquiring new behaviors, skills, and attitudes by watching and copy others (think of children)

compound conditioning

classical conditioning process where two or more distinct stimuli are presented tgther to form a single conditioned stimulus.

behaviorism

a psychological approach that focuses on observable actions and behaviors rather than internal states.

Vicarious reinforcement (observation)

learning or changing a behavior by watching someone else receive a reward or punishment of that action

Vicarious punishment (observations)

Stop or avoiding a behavior after watching someone else experience negative consequences for doing it.