Clin Path 1-8

Coagulation-

-Hemostasis is the ability of the body to ensure proper structure and function of the blood and blood vessels.

-The mechanical phase of hemostasis involves the adherence of platelets to the exposed endothelium as a result of damage to a blood vessel.

-Successful platelet function requires von Willebrand factor to maintain the platelet plug.

Intrinsic pathway

An initial phase of coagulation induced by cell damage

Microparticle

Fragment released from damaged cells that help initiate intrinsic pathway

Factor III

Tissue factor

Thrombin

Generated during the intrinsic pathway; helps to gather platelets and maintain the clot

Extrinsic pathway

Phase of coagulating involving tissue factor interaction with factor VII

Common pathway

Phase of coagulation initiated by the activation of factor X which generates a large amount of fibrin

Phosphatidylserine

Exposed on activated platelets as a binding site which leads to activation of factor X

Important components of clot breakdown

Fibrin degradation product (FDP), D-dimer, Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), Plasmin

Factor IV

Calcium

True or false: the generation of fibrin requires two phases, first becoming soluble and then insoluble. 

TrueHow much sodium citrate would be needed for coagulation testing if you are obtaining 5 mL of blood from a dog with a hematocrit of 35%?

How much sodium citrate would be needed for coagulation testing if you are obtaining 5 mL of blood from a dog with a hematocrit of 35%?

Between 0.55 and 0.65

What factors affect plasma volume and will require adjustment of sodium citrate volume?

Anemia, Polycythemia, Dehydration

What test detects abnormalities of platelet function?

Buccal mucosa bleeding time

What test can evaluate all clinically significant clotting factors (except Factor VII) and can provide results within minutes after obtaining the sample from your patient?

Activated Clotting Time

What vitamin is missing when PIVKA proteins accumulate?

Vitamin K

True or false: D-dimer and fibrin degradation product tests evaluate the function of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. 

False

The following clinical signs can suggest inadequate platelet levels:

Petechia, Epistaxis, Melena, Prolonged bleeding times

Disease of what organ can result in reduced production of coagulation factors?

Liver

Possible causes of thrombocytopenia in your canine patient could include:

Canine distemper, Parvo, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Cause never found, Autoimmune disease, Acetominophen, Heartworm disease

What is term that refers to a decreased number of platelets?

Thrombocytopenia

Your patient presents in shock after trauma. D-dimers are elevated and coagulation times are prolonged. What type of coagulation disorder is of particular concern for this patient?

disseminated intravascular coagulation

CHOOSE ALL disorders below that can cause a prolonged buccal mucosa bleeding time test result:

Thrombocytopenia, von Willibrand disease, Hemophilia, Warfarin toxicity, DIC

Which of the following are resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation?

Spores

In which stage is virus isolation most successful?

Early in the active infectious phase

Which classification of culture medium applies to blood agar?

Enriched

Which is the medium of choice to grow gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae?

MacConkey agar

Which culture media is recommended to differentiate and initially identify Salmonella infection?

Triple sugar iron agar

Which is the agar of choice when performing culture and sensitivity tests?

Mueller-Hinton agar

Which test would be performed to detect Mycobacterium species in a sample?

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

What is the optimal temperature for incubating a culture plate containing pathogenic bacteria?

37 degrees C

What is the optimal time to examine an agar plate for evidence of microbial growth following inoculation with a sample likely to contain pathogenic bacteria?

18-24 hours

What is the most commonly performed type of bacterial sensitivity test in veterinary medicine?

Agar diffusion method

Which sensitivity test should be performed to determine the appropriate concentration of medication for a patient?

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Which of the following is measured to determine the efficacy of an antimicrobial?

Zone of inhibition

Which culture medium is used for most sensitivity testing?

Mueller-Hinton

In what type of sample can a colony count help with the diagnosis of infection?

Urine

How are results recorded when the milk-reagent mixture in the California mastitis test creates a distinct precipitate but no gel formation?

Weak positive

What percentage of dermatophyte infections in cats is caused by Microsporum canis?

95%

Which term describes a microbial mutation that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections?

Resistance

Which component of the immune system involves physical and chemical barriers to prevent tissue injury or infection?

Innate

Which of the following can be a protective mechanism of the immune system but can also cause tissue damage?

Inflammation

Which cell type changes to macrophages as it migrates to various tissues and organs and when it interacts with cytokines?

Monocytes

Which term refers to macrophages that are derived from multiple tissue types?

Mononuclear phagocytic system

Which cell type activates phagocytes by releasing interferon-γ?

Natural killers

What is another name for a group of proteins found in the blood that are integral in both the innate and adaptive immunity systems?

Complement system

Which of the following produces antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Which term refers to the binding of complement proteins to the antigen that promotes phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Which immune system is divided into two components and is responsive to foreign bodies?

Adaptive immune system

Which body organ produces mature B lymphocytes?

Bone marrow

Which body organ produces mature T lymphocytes?

Thymus

What is the primary function of the B lymphocytes?

Production of immunoglobulins

Which type of leukocyte is active in both innate and adaptive immunity?

Neutrophils

Which is the most common circulating immunoglobulin?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mucosal immunity?

IgA

What is the result of antigens binding with antibodies and forming insoluble complexes?

Precipitation

Which is the most common immunoassay used in veterinary medicine?

ELISA

What is another name for the rapid immunomigration test?

Lateral flow assay

Which term refers to the hypersensitivity reaction also described as hives?

Urticaria

What type of cells releases histamine-containing granules that trigger the inflammatory response and can trigger hives and angioedema?

Basophils

Intradermal testing is not validated for which type of allergens?

Food

Which term describes an autoimmune response in which the body’s antibodies attack its own tissues?

Hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity disorder is IMHA?

Type II

Which type of hypersensitivity is represented by neonatal isoerythrolysis

Type II

What type of hypersensitivity disorder is glomerulonephritis?

Type III

Which sample technique is done only when other techniques cannot be completed?

Swabbing

Which sampling technique has the advantage of collecting many cells from the tissue, especially in lesions that are firm and yield few cells?

Scraping

What type of preparation is a Tzanck preparation?

Imprint

Which sampling technique would be appropriate for a large, soft, mass removed from the liver of a dog?

Imprint

Which collection method is most appropriate to obtain a sample from the respiratory system in a fractious cat?

Orotracheal transtracheal wash

Which type of smear allows for three different areas of cell distribution for analysis?

Combination technique

Which stain works best for staining the cytoplasm of the cells?

Romanowsky stain

Which type of stain would be best to use for a cytology slide being evaluated to determine if the cells are neoplastic or inflammatory?

New methylene blue

What type of change is evidenced as cells on the cytology slide that show signs of swollen, ragged nuclei that do not have intact nuclear membranes and have not stained well?

Karyolysis

Which type of fluid has increased cellularity and increased protein concentration because of inflammation?

Exudate

What is the most likely source of a cytology sample that contains evidence of yeast cells, squamous epithelial cells, and Malassezia?

Ears

Which stage of estrus is characterized by a high number of erythrocytes and basal and parabasal epithelial cells?

Proestrus

Which type of stain would be best to use for evaluation of sperm morphology?

Wright’s stain

True or false: Abnormal tracheal washes are generally exudates.

True

A lymph node sample shows many small, mature lymphocytes with a number of lymphoblasts and plasma cells also noted. This lymph node would be referred to as: 

Reactive

The full name for TNCC is:

Total nucleated cell count