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Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin that protects the body, keeps skin hydrated, produces new skin cells, and determines skin color.

Dermis

The middle layer of skin that contains collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings, supporting and protecting the skin and deeper layers, assisting in thermoregulation, and aiding in sensation.

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

The innermost layer of skin that stores energy, connects dermis to muscles and bones, insulates the body, and protects it.

Dermal papillae

Protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce and distribute melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, keratinized cells that protect against the environment.

Stratum lucidum

A thin, translucent layer of cells found in thickened parts of the epidermis, such as palms and soles.

Stratum granulosum

Layer of the epidermis where cells accumulate keratohyalin granules, forming a waterproof barrier that prevents fluid loss.

Stratum spinosum

Layer of the epidermis containing keratinocytes connected by desmosomes, providing flexibility and strength.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing stem cells that proliferate and attach the epidermis to the dermis.