Biology Cram

Cramming for My biology test

What are Macromolecules?

Polymers

What are Monomers?

The building block of polymers

What is Dehydration Synthesis and what does it do?

A chemical reaction that links monomers together to form polymers by removing a water molecule in the process. This forms covalent bonds.

What is Hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule, which breaks the covalent bonds.

What are the four main types of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Amino-acids

What are carbohydrates and what are they used for?

CH2O / C:O ratio is 1:1 / Used for fuel, building materials, and receptors

What are the 4 main types of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons / ex: Glucose, Galactose, Ribose, Fructose

What are Disaccharides?

two simple sugar units (monosaccharides) joined together by a covalent bond

What are Polysaccharides?

Many simple sugars combined that ares used for storage and structure

What are the four main types of Polysaccharides?

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin

What is Chitin?

The cell walls of insects

What is Starch?

Plant fuel storage

What is Cellulose?

Structure in plant cell walls

What is glycogen?

Animal strach, Found in liver and muscle starch

What are Lipids?

Hydrophobic / C:O ratio has very high C

What are Fats?

Solid at room temperature / made of fatty acids and glycerol

What are Oils?

Liqiud at room temperature / made of fatty acids and glycerol

What are fatty acids?

long carbon chain with -COOH on one end and -CH3 on the other

What are Neutral Fats/ Triacylglycerols

Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol

What are Saturated Fats?

Fats with no double bonds

What are Unsaturated Fats?

one or more C=C bonds and can accept more hydrogens.

What are Fats used for?

Used for energy storage and cushion

What are Phospholipids?

Similar to fats but have only two fatty acids

What are Proteins?

The molecular tools of a cell with CHON and S / Polypeptide chains of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds

List the uses of Proteins

• Structure

• Transport

• Enzymes

• Antibodies

• Movement

• Hormone

• Receptors

For this test Phosphorus will always be:

nucleic acid

For this test Sulfer will always be:

Protein

What are Amino Acids?

All have Carbon -NH2 -COOH

Nucleotides have three parts:

• nitrogenous base

• pentose sugar

• phosphate