Chemistry - atomic theory

Law of conservation of matter

matter reactants = matter products

Law of definite proportions

No matter the amount of a certain compound, the percentages that make it up will always be the same
(ex. water will always be 11% hydrogen and 89% oxygen - wether its 5ml or 5 billion ml)

Law of multiple proportions

When the same elements - but in different amounts - react to create different compounds
(ex. 1g hydrogen + 8g oxygen = H20 (water)
but
1 g hydrogen + 16g oxygen = H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide))

Cannonball model

All atoms are like legos, they can fit together and be broken apart to make stuff

Atom

indivisible (cant divide farther) particle of matter - UNIT of matter

plum pudding model

atoms are jello - mushy

Golfdoil experiment

proved atoms are empty space - with a small mass - (positivley chareged) nucleus in the middle

Atom nucleus -

made of nucleons (protons and nuetrons)

protons

positive - mass of 1 amu

nuetron

neutral - mass of 1 amu

electron

negative - mass of 0 (insignificant) mass

Atomic mass

sum of protons and neutrons - calculated based on the percentages of each isotopes within the element

Protons and electrons are always equal…

if the charge is neutral - just a normal atom

Atomic number

The number of protons in a element

Isotopes

same element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons (creating different masses)

Ions

when an atom loses or gains a electrons or protons - changing its charge

Light energy spectrum - lowest

radio waves

Light energy spectrum

then microwaves

Light energy spectrum

then infrared light

Light energy spectrum

then visible light (R O Y G B V)

Light energy spectrum

then UV

Light energy spectrum

then x-ray

Light energy spectrum

then gamma ray

The left side

• low energy

• large wavelength

• low frequency

and as you move to the right

• higher energy

• smaller wavelengths

• higher frequencies