Geography unit 1 review

7 Main Mapping Laws (BOLTSS)

Border; Orientation; Legend; Title; Scale; Source; Date

6 Secondary Mapping Laws

Labels/Typography; Standard Colors; Projection Information; Clarity; Neatness; Grid System

Map

A flat 2D visual representation of all or part of the Earth surface drawn to scale

Projection

The mathematical method of transferring the spherical 3D surface of Earth onto a flat 2D surface

Only 100% Accurate Earth Model

A Globe (because it is 3D and spherical maintaining true area shape distance and direction)

Mercator Projection

Cylindrical projection that preserves shape and direction accurately but severely distorts size near the poles (e.g. Greenland)

Gall-Peters Projection

Equal-area cylindrical projection that shows accurate relative land sizes but distorts shape (stretches land vertically)

Winkel Tripel Projection

Compromise projection that minimizes distortion of area direction and distance all at once (used by National Geographic)

5 General Map Types

Topographic; Thematic; General Purpose; Dot/Choropleth; Flow

Large Scale Map

Shows a SMALL area with LARGE detail (e.g. neighborhood map; small denominator like 1:10000)

Small Scale Map

Shows a LARGE area with SMALL detail (e.g. world map; large denominator like 1:10000000)

3 Types of Scale

Verbal/Direct Statement; Graphic/Linear Scale; Representative Fraction (RF)

RF to Verbal Conversion Rule

Divide the second number (denominator in cm) by 100000 to get kilometers (e.g. 1:250000 becomes 1 cm to 2.5 km)

Verbal to RF Conversion Rule

Multiply the kilometer value by 100000 to get centimeters (e.g. 1 cm to 8 km becomes 1:800000)

Scale Formula

Scale = Map Distance/Ground Distance

3 Main Map Symbol Types

Point Symbols (single spot like dot for city); Line Symbols (paths like roads/rivers); Area Symbols (regions like green for forests)

4 Cardinal Points

North (0°/360°); East (90°); South (180°); West (270°)

4 Ordinal/Inter-cardinal Points

Northeast (45°); Southeast (135°); Southwest (225°); Northwest (315°)

8 Secondary Points

NNE (22.5°); ENE (67.5°); ESE (112.5°); SSE (157.5°); SSW (202.5°); WSW (247.5°); WNW (292.5°); NNW (337.5°)

Alphanumeric Grid

Uses a letter column and a number row to identify a grid square (e.g. B4)

Military Grid Rule

"Read Eastings first (left to right) then Northings second (bottom to top) - ""In the door then up the stairs"""

4-Digit vs 6-Digit Military Grid

4-digit identifies a whole 1km x 1km box; 6-digit pinpoints an exact spot within 100m accuracy

Geography

The scientific study of the Earth physical features climate atmosphere and human-environment interactions

Special Lines of Longitude

Prime Meridian (0°) and International Date Line (180°)

7 Special Lines of Latitude

North Pole (90°N); Arctic Circle (66.5°N); Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N); Equator (0°); Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S); Antarctic Circle (66.5°S); South Pole (90°S)

Units of Latitude & Longitude

1 degree (1°) = 60 minutes (60'); 1 minute (1') = 60 seconds (60")

Real Earth Distance of 1° 1' 1"

1° ≈ 111 km; 1' ≈ 1.85 km; 1" ≈ 31 meters

World Time Zones & Width

24 world time zones total; Each time zone covers 15° of longitude (360° / 24 hours)

6 Canadian Time Zones (West to East)

Pacific; Mountain; Central; Eastern; Atlantic; Newfoundland (+30 mins ahead of Atlantic)

Time Zone Calculation Rule

Going East = ADD hours (Later); Going West = SUBTRACT hours (Earlier)

Treaty

A formal legally binding agreement between sovereign nations or Indigenous peoples and the government

Land Surrender Treaty vs Peace and Friendship Treaty

Land Surrender treaties transferred land title/ownership to the Crown; Peace and Friendship treaties established peace and trade rights WITHOUT surrendering land