(D1) Ruminant Muscular Disorders

clostridium is gram —

positive

what shape is clostridium

rod

how does clostridium spp. spread (4)

1. producing potent toxins

2. Form spores

3. Can be brought up in cultivated soils where they are then activated

4. Some spores are resistant to many disinfectants

what causes clostridium spp.

1. Ingest contaminated feed

2. Excess toxins produced by GIT when conditions predispose commensal clostridia to proliferate

3. A wound/injury

4. Bacterial translocation through edematous bowel

what clostridium spp. is in contaminated feed

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium botulinum aka

botulism

how to diagnose clostridium spp. (4)

1. CK elevated

2. AST elevated

3. Impression smear sample of necrotic muscle is submitted for immunofluorescent detection

4. Clostridial toxemias

how to treat clostridium spp. (2)

1. Antibiotics

2. Surgery to remove necrotic muscle

how to prevent clostridium spp.

vaccinate

when to vaccinate for clostridium spp. (4)

1. boost calves at weaning

2. boost calves at one year

3. Adults vaccinated yearly as well

4. Annual vaccination is usually a standard protocol in the spring

whats wrong

blackleg

what bacteria causes blackleg

Clostridium chauvoei

clinical signs of blackleg (12)

1. Find animal dead

2. Bloating after death

3. putrefaction after death

4. Blood stained froth at nostrils

5. High fever

6. Increased HR

7. Very depressed

8. hot painful swelling Superficial muscle involvement initially

9. muscle painless later on

10. muscles cold later on

11. feel emphysema

12. Overlying skin can become cracked and dry

define putrefaction

the process of decaying or rotting

define emphysema

bubble wrap texture when palpating

how to diagnose blackleg (1)

infected muscles are dark/dry and emphysemic

If — — is isolated it is always significant as this bacteria never proliferates post-mortem

Clostridium chauvoei

where are malignant edemas found (2)

1. in a wound

2. in any muscle

what bacteria causes malignant edema (2)

1. Clostridium septicum

2. Clostridium novyi

what trauma causes malignant edema (4)

1. Penetrating trauma

2. Wound

3. umbilicus

4. iatrogenic via dirty needles

clinical signs of blackleg (4)

1. Fever

2. Increased HR

3. Depression

4. Soft doughy swellings

how to diagnose blackleg (2ish)

infected muscles are reddened/wet and emphysemic

— is a Component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase

selenium

— Protects internal cell membranes and organelles from oxidative damage

selenium

— protects tissues that are high in lipids such as cellular membranes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membranes

vitamin E

— Deficiencies may also suppress the immune system

vitamin E

what kind of muscle

skeletal

what kind of muscle is it

smooth

what kind of muscle is it

cardiac

Muscular dystrophy show up in

rapidly growing animals

Cattle show increased retained placentas when they have deficiencies are — and —

selenium and vitamin E

clinical signs of the cardiac form of selenium and vitamin E (8)

1. Acute onset

2. Severe dyspnea

3. Frothy or blood stained discharge

4. pulmonary congestion

5. Tachycardia

6. +/- arrhythmia

7. Temp Normal

8. Recumbency

clinical signs of the skeletal form of selenium and vitamin E (14)

1. Lie down

2. try to stand

3. B/A/R

4. Stiffness

5. trembling when standing

6. tremors when standing

7. weakness when standing

8. Shoulder muscles swollen and firm

9. back muscles swollen and firm

10. hip muscles swollen and firm

11. Normal temp.

12. Myoglobinuria

13. Hunched appearance

14. Dysphagia

what is the most common form of selenium and viamin E defiecincy

skeletal muscle form

clinical signs of the smooth form of selenium and vitamin E (4)

1. Dystocia

2. Increased retained placentas

3. Chronic bloats

4. Increased LDA incidence

how to diagnosis selenium and vitamin E deficiency (8)

1. Elevated CK

2. elevated AST

3. Creatinine in urine increase

4. myoglobinuria in urine increase

5. glutathione peroxidase

6. Vitamin E levels

7. liver analyzed

8. muscles light

how to treat selenium deficiency and vitamin deficiency (5)

1. Parenteral selenium

2. Careful of overmedication

3. Cardiac form typically doesn’t respond as well

4. Give treatment a few days to work

5. Decrease stress and exertion

how to prevent selenium and vitamin E deficiency

Properly balanced diet

what are the 2 different types of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

1. Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

2. Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

what causes Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (9)

1. Inadequate warm up

2. Over-exercise to fatigue

3. Exercise beyond level of fitness

4. Concurrent illness that contributes

5. low sodium

6. low potassium

7. low Vit E

8. low selenium

9. Ca:P imbalance

clinical signs of Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (2)

1. Muscle cramping

2. Stiffness following exercise

how to diagnose Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (4)

1. no previous history of Rhabdomyolysis

2. increased CK

3. increased AST

4. Myoglobinuria

how to treat Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (7)

1. Stop exercise

2. Soft bedding

3. freshwater

4. Rest

5. +/- IV fluids

6. Acepromazine

7. Muscle relaxants

what is the goal of treatment of Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

to minimize pain and reduce anxiety for the horse

what are the 2 types of Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (2)

1. Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

2. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) Type 1

3. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) Type 2

what causes Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (9)

1. Inherited muscle disorder

2. Abnormal intracellular Calcium regulation

3. stress

4. T. breds

5. Standardbreds

6. Arabians

7. fit

8. diets higher in nonstructural carbohydrates

9. young, fit nervous fillies

clinical signs of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (2)

1. Cramping

2. Stiffness post exercise

diagnosis of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (4)

1. History

2. Increased CK

3. increased AST

4. Muscle biopsy

how to treat Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (3)

1. Management to decrease triggers

2. High fat diet

3. low starch diet

how to prevent exercise caused Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (9)

1. Position the stall in a quiet area of the barn

2. Time of training

3. Turn-out

4. Avoid training regimes

5. Tranquilize before exercise to prevent excitement

6. treatment of lameness

7. Avoid stall rest or lay-up if possible

8. providing calm exercise if rested the day before

9. give medications that affect intracellular calcium regulation

how to prevent diet caused Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (4)

1. high-quality grass

2. oat hay should form the basis of the diet.

3. a mixture (half alfalfa and half oat hay)

4. Vitamin and mineral supplements containing Vitamin E and Selenium are beneficial

PSSM stands for

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

define Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 1

excess storage of carbohydrates in the muscle

what breeds are typically affected by Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 1 (3)

1. quarter horses

2. morgans

3. draft breeds

clinical signs of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 1

1. Tucked up

2. Wide stance

3. stiffness

4. Muscle fasciculation

5. muscle twitches

6. Sweating

7. Gait abnormality

8. colic

9. Draft horses - muscle atrophy and recumbency

clinical signs of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 1 that are in draft horses specifically (2)

1. muscle atrophy

2. recumbency

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) Type 2 affects what breeds (5)

1. Arabians

2. warmbloods

3. Morgans

4. T.breds

5. Q horses.

clinical signs of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 2 that are in young horses specifically (3)

1. stiffness

2. difficulty rising

3. increased CK levels

clinical signs of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 2 that are in warmbloods horses specifically (2)

1. Exercise intolerance

2. gait abnormalities

clinical signs of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 2 (3)

1. Muscle atrophy

2. stiffness

3. soreness

how to diagnose Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (2)

1. Increased CK levels

2. muscle biopsy

how to diagnose Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 1

genetic testing of hair or blood

how to diagnose Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy type 2 (2)

1. negative test for type 1

2. muscle biopsy for abnormal glycogen storage

how to treat Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (6)

1. Rest

2. Feed forage at a rate of 1.5-2% of body weight

3. more than 15% of digestible energy as fat

4. <10% of digestible energy as starch

5. Gradual increase in exercise when horse is ready

6. Daily turnout

how to prevent Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (2)

1. Feed more grass hays

2. limit richer legume hays such as alfalfa