DW Honors Unit 5-Nineteenth-Century European and Atlantic Revolutions, Ideologies, and Unifications

Congress of Vienna (1815)

A diplomatic conference in 1815 where European leaders met after Napoleon's defeat to restore order, stability, legitimacy, and a balance of power in Europe.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austria's chief minister who led the Congress of Vienna and defended conservatism against liberalism and nationalism.

Balance of Power

A foreign policy principle aimed at preventing any single European nation, especially France, from becoming too powerful.

Legitimacy

The post-Napoleonic principle of restoring traditional hereditary monarchs to their rightful thrones.

Conservatism

A political ideology dedicated to protecting traditional monarchies and the existing social order while opposing revolutions and rapid political change.

Concert of Europe

An alliance formed by France, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia to preserve peace, order, and suppress revolutions.

Principle of Intervention

An agreement asserting that great powers had the right to intervene militarily in other countries to put down revolutionary uprisings.

Crimean War (1853–1856)

A conflict where Britain and France backed the Ottoman Empire against Russia, weakening diplomatic relations between Russia and Austria and making it harder to stop nationalism.

Liberalism

A political ideology supporting written constitutions, representative elections, individual liberties, separation of powers, and voting rights for property-owning men.

Nationalism

The belief that people who share a common culture, language, or history ought to unite and govern themselves as an independent nation-state.

Socialism

An ideology that arose partly in response to the Industrial Revolution, advocating for reforms to better working conditions and tackle economic inequality.

Louis XVIII

The French king who introduced the Charter of Liberties, which permitted limited press freedom and created a two-house parliament.

Charles X

The French monarch who sought absolute power, restricted the press and suffrage, suspended the Charter of Liberties, and was forced to abdicate in 1830.

Louis Philippe

The constitutional monarch who replaced Charles X following the 1830 French Revolution and was later overthrown in 1848.

National Workshops

State-established work programs created in France under the Second Republic to supply employment for jobless laborers.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)

The nephew of Napoleon I who was elected French president in 1848 and subsequently became emperor in 1852 after winning about $90\%$ of the vote in a plebiscite.

Frankfurt Assembly

An 1848 parliamentary body of delegates that attempted to unify Germany, which ultimately failed when King Frederick William IV of Prussia refused the crown.

Karl Marx

A prominent 19th-century theorist associated with communist theory and sharp critiques of capitalism.

Communism

In Marxist theory, an envisioned classless society in which productive resources are owned and held in common.

Peninsulares

European-born Spanish colonizers residing in Latin America who dominated society and possessed the highest degree of political power.

Creoles

People of European ancestry born in Latin America who possessed substantial property but held less political power than peninsulares.

Mestizos and Mulattoes

Latin American social groups comprising individuals of mixed Indigenous and European, or African and European, heritage.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The revolutionary leader who commanded the 1791 rebellion of enslaved people in Haiti and helped abolish slavery in the colony.

Father Miguel Hidalgo

A Mexican priest who initiated the 1810 fight for freedom, demanding an end to slavery and better treatment for Indigenous populations before being captured and executed.

Father José Morelos

A mestizo priest who led the Mexican independence movement for four years following Hidalgo's death, demanding wide-ranging social and political reforms until his execution in 1815.

Agustín de Iturbide

A leader who ousted the Spanish viceroy in 1821 to become Emperor Agustín I of Mexico, before being overthrown and executed by liberals in 1824.

Simón Bolívar

A prominent South American liberator who initiated uprisings in 1808, freed Caracas in 1821, and helped liberate several northern territories from Spanish rule.

José de San Martín

A Creole revolutionary general who secured Argentina's independence and collaborated with other leaders across South America.

Otto von Bismarck

The prime minister of Prussia who orchestrated German unification through military strength and pragmatic political strategy.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to statecraft where political choices and policies are decided based on practical realities rather than moral or theoretical notions.

Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)

A decisive war in which Prussia defeated France, captured Napoleon III, annexed Alsace and Lorraine, and finalized the unification of Germany.

Camillo di Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who advanced economic expansion and utilized diplomatic alliances to drive Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian nationalist general who led the Redshirts in liberating Sicily and Naples, subsequently transferring his gains to Piedmont-Sardinia.

Redshirts

A volunteer fighting force organized and commanded by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the campaign to unify southern Italy.

King Victor Emmanuel II

The monarch of Piedmont-Sardinia who was proclaimed the first king of a unified Italy in 1861.

Emperor William I

The Prussian monarch who was crowned emperor of the Second German Empire at Versailles on January 18, 1871.