APCG country notes

United Kingdom

A liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.

Parliamentary democracy

A political system where the government derives its legitimacy from the legislature.

Monarch of the UK

The current head of state is King Charles III.

House of Commons

The elected lower house of Parliament, with representatives selected through a First Past the Post electoral system.

House of Lords

The appointed upper house of Parliament with limited powers.

Conservative Party

A major political party in the UK, center-right in stance.

Labour Party

A major political party in the UK, center-left in stance.

Brexit

The UK's exit from the European Union in 2020.

Devolution

The transfer of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Austerity

Conservative-led budget cuts following the 2008 financial crisis.

Authoritarian regime

A political system characterized by centralized power and limited political freedoms.

Power vertical

A system of governance where power is centralized from the presidency.

Siloviki

Members of the security service elite in Russia influencing policy.

Managed elections

Elections that are controlled and lack genuine competition.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

The ruling political party in China, dominating all state functions.

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

China's global infrastructure development strategy.

Islamic Republic

Iran's government structure which combines elements of Islam and republicanism.

Transitional democracy

A political system undergoing a shift from authoritarianism to democracy.

Federal Character Principle

A policy in Nigeria to promote inclusivity in government appointments.

Cartel violence

A significant issue in Mexico impacting government rule and law enforcement.

Clientelism

A political system where goods and services are exchanged for political support.