geography- natural hazards

Define hazard risk

The chance of being affected by a natural event

Define natural event

A extreme natural event that presents no risk to people or environment

Define natural disaster

A natural event that has already occurred and had a negative impact on people or environment

Give 3 factors that increase hazard risk

Urbanisation

Climate change

Poverty

Why do tectonic plate move(2 theories)

Convection currents and ridge push and pull

Describe ridge push (3)

Melted tectonic plates add extra magma to the mantle

Magma is forced between 2 plates at constructive boundary

As if cools it pushes the plates away

Describe slab pull (3)

At destructive boundary oceanic subducts

Gravity pulls oceanic plate away

Whole plate gets dragged away with it

Describe what happens in convection currents(3)

Radioactive decay in core = heat

Magma is heated and rises from the core

It starts to cool and sinks

This creates a circular motion

Name the 4 layers of earth (bonus 1)

Crust

(Lithosphere)

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

Who mapped sea floor

Marie Tharp -1977

Who came up with the hypothesis of continental drift

Alfred wegener - 1912

Constructive margin does what

Moves apart

What can constructive boundary make(4)

Land

Rift valley

Shield volcanoes

Earthquakes

What happens at a destructive boundary

Oceanic plate subducts under continental

What is made at a destructive plate boundary(2)

Earthquakes

Composite volcano

What happens at a collision boundary

2 continental plates collide

What does collision boundary make (4)

Earthquake

Fold mountains

Landslides

Avalanches

What happens at a conservative boundary

2 plates slide past eachother or same but at different speed

What can conservative boundary make (1)

Earthquakes

Richter scale is based of descriptions : TRUE OR FALSE

false

Mercalli scale is subjective : TRUE OR FALSE

true

3 factors influenced by wealth that impact hazard risk

Urbanisation

Poor leadership

Poverty

3 factors NOT influenced by wealth that impacts hazard risk

High population density

Time of year

Location

Evidence for poor leadership affecting hazard risk

Mayanmar government limited the distrubution of resources

Evidence for time of year affecting hazard risk

Uk had wildfires in summer

Evidence for high population density affecting hazard risk

Nepal earthquake in 2015 had more deaths than New Zealand earthquake in 2016

Evidence for level of development affecting hazard risk

Nepal earthquake in 2015 had 800 000 building destroyed but New Zealand had 10 000s

What are the 3 convection cells

Hadley

Feral

Polar

Describe the relationship between tropical storms and global atmospheric circulation

Describe convection cell in clouds = the Hadley cell over the equator

Which is sea are hurricanes found in

Atlantic

Which sea is cyclones in

Indian

Which ocean are typhoon in

Pacific

2 parts of a tropical storm

Eye, eye wall

Where in correlation to the equator are tropical storms found

5-30 degrees Nortg and south

What do tropical storms need (4)

low pressure

Ocean temperature 27’+

Ocean depth at least 70m

Low wind shear

Why tropical storms lose energy when land fall(2)

Loss of energy source(water)

Increase in friction(building)

Clouds have to be above what height(km) to be classed as a tropical storm

16km

Define extreme weather

Weather that is different from the climate

Define depression

Area of low pressure

2 options for water when it rains

Infiltration

Surface run off

PPPM for earthquake

P- first aid kit

P- shock absorbers

P- cant

M- seisometer

PPPM for volcano

P- first aid kit

P-lava channels

P- satellite

M- satellite

PPPM- tropical storms

P-first aid kit

P- stilts

P- satellite

M- satellite

Label 1234

1- surface run off

2- infiltration

3- perolation

4- water table

2 human factors that impact flooding

Deforestation

Land use

2 physical factors that impact flooding

Rock type

Gradient of land

Responses to cumbria floods 2015(4)

Dredging

Warnings

Money for flood prep

Rescue

Do glacial or interglacial periods last longer

Glacial

4 ways to find evidence for climate change

Microfossils

Ice cores

Fossil pollen

Tree rings

what is the fancy way to say heat from sun

Solar insolation

Define mitigation

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Define adaptation

Changing lifestyle to manage impacts of climate change

2 mitigation examples

Renewable energy

Afforestation

2 adaptation examples

Sea defences

Changing agriculture