Learn: Statistics and Data Analysis: Key Concepts and Distance Measures

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Last updated 11:17 PM on 9/24/26
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70 Terms

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Nominal

categories, no order.

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Ordinal

categories with order.

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Interval

meaningful differences but no true zero.

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Ratio

true zero and meaningful ratios.

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Categorical

qualitative.

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Numerical

quantitative.

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Discrete

countable values.

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Continuous

real-number measurements.

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Binary is a

special type of discrete attribute.

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Asymmetric

presence matters more than absence.

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Dimensionality

number of attributes.

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Higher similarity

more alike.

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Lower dissimilarity/distance

more alike.

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Proximity can refer to

similarity or dissimilarity.

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Nominal same values ā†’

similarity 1, distance 0.

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Nominal different values ā†’

similarity 0, distance 1.

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Euclidean

L2 = straight-line distance.

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Euclidean:

subtract ā†’ square ā†’ add ā†’ square root.

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Standardize when

attribute scales differ.

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Distance from a point to itself

0.

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Manhattan

L1 = city-block distance.

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Manhattan uses

absolute differences.

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f01

x0/y1.

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f10

x1/y0.

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f00

both 0.

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f11

both 1.

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SMC counts

0-0 matches.

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Jaccard ignores

0-0 matches.

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Jaccard similarity

shared positive overlap.

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Jaccard distance

1 āˆ’ similarity.

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Identical sets ā†’

Jaccard distance 0.

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No overlap ā†’

Jaccard distance 1.

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Intersection

shared items.

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Union

all unique items.

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Cosine

direction, not magnitude.

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Cosine 1

same direction.

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Cosine 0

orthogonal.

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Cosine āˆ’1

opposite direction.

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Correlation range

āˆ’1 to +1.

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+1

perfect positive correlation.

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0

no linear correlation.

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āˆ’1

perfect negative correlation.

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Correlation

does not prove causation.

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A confounding variable

may affect both variables.

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#

starts a Python comment.

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Python indentation/whitespace

matters.

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def

defines a function.

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return

returns function output.

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"\t"

has length 1.

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r"\t"

has length 2.

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[ ]

list.

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( )

tuple.

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dict

mapping/key-value pairs.

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.split(",")

splits at commas.

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Values returned by .split()

are still strings.

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float()

converts to floating point.

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.append()

adds to a list.

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Iteration

repeatedly visiting items.

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Iterable

can be iterated through.

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A list comprehension

has the general form [expr for value in collection if condition].

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Regex

pattern matching/searching text.

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.

any character.

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\d

digit.

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\w

word character.

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+

one or more.

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*

zero or more.

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[ ]

listed/ranged characters.

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^

start of string.

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$

end of string.

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[a-z]+

one or more lowercase letters.