Grade 11 Bio POH - Updates

In the G1 phase of interphase, the CHECKPOINT ensures __________.

the cell is functioning normally.

During which phase of the cell cycle does chromatin duplicate?

S phase

In metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach to the __________.

centromeres

If the M cyclin levels are too high, the cell will __________.

divide out of control.

APC/C is responsible for the destruction of __________ during anaphase.

M cyclins.

Proto-oncogenes are considered __________, requiring only one allele to be mutated for a gain of function.

dominant.

Tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, require __________ to be mutated and result in a loss of function.

both alleles.

In normal circumstances, when DNA damage occurs, p53 will __________ the cell cycle to allow for repair.

halt.

In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes undergo __________ during Prophase 1.

synapsis.

The process by which an organism can develop from a fragment of its being is known as __________.

fragmentation.

In oogenesis, the smaller daughter cell formed during cytokinesis 1 is called a __________.

polar body.

Down syndrome is caused by __________, resulting in an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

trisomy 21.

Mendel’s Law of __________ states that allele pairs segregate randomly during fertilization.

Segregation.

Incomplete dominance results in a __________ phenotype that is a blend of the parent traits.

intermediate.

The blood type known as a universal donor is blood type __________.

O.

Epigenetics is the study of how __________ influences affect gene expression.

environmental.

Autocrine signaling involves cells reacting to their own produced __________.

hormones.

Meiosis results in __________ non-identical daughter cells after two rounds of division.

four.

The __________ phase is when cells exit the cell cycle and continue normal functions without dividing.

G0.

Quorum sensing is a process used by __________ to communicate and coordinate activity based on cell density.

prokaryotes.

Mitosis is responsible for the division of __________ cells.

somatic.

In animals, most cells spend the majority of their life in a __________ state.

diploid.

Cancer cells do not respond to __________, which can lead to uncontrolled growth.

regulators.

In genetic terms, the observable traits of an organism are known as its __________.

phenotype.

Chromosomal aberrations can lead to genetic disorders such as __________ syndrome, characterized by a deletion on chromosome 5.

Cri-du-chat.