Neuroscience and Neurotransmitters Vocabulary

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes covering key terms related to neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, and neural communication.

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A chemical that makes a neuron more likely to send a signal.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A chemical that makes a neuron less likely to send a signal.

Sensory neuron

Carries information from the senses to the brain and spinal cord.

Motor neuron

Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.

Interneuron

Connects neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

Agonist

A substance that increases or copies a neurotransmitter's effects.

Antagonist

A substance that blocks or decreases a neurotransmitter's effects.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, and pleasure.

Endorphins

Chemicals that reduce pain and can create feelings of pleasure.

Glutamate

The main excitatory neurotransmitter; important for learning and memory.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that helps control mood, sleep, and appetite.

GABA

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter; helps calm brain activity.

Dendrites

Branches of a neuron that receive messages from other cells.

Synapse

The small gap where neurons communicate with each other.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change and form new connections.

Axon

A long part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.

Myelin Sheath

A protective covering around the axon that helps signals travel faster.

Reuptake

When a neuron takes back neurotransmitters after they are released.

Melatonin

A hormone that helps control sleep.

Oxytocin

A hormone involved in bonding, trust, childbirth, and breastfeeding.