AICE Marine Science Chapter 1 - 1.2 Solubility in water

solute

A solid that is dissolved in a substance

solutes in seawater

Sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and calcium carbonate

Solution

Mixture of a solute dissolved in solvent

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent

Dissolution

The process of being dissolved

How is sodium chloride dissolved in water?

When placed in water, the sodium and chloride ions are easily dissolved when their ionic bonds are broken by the water molecules. At this point, the partially positive hydrogen and the water molecules will surround the negatively charged chloride ions and a positively negatively oxygen ends of the water molecules will surround the positively charged sodium ions

Sodium chloride dissolved in water

What is solubility impacted by?

Temperature

Salinity

A measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in the ocean water represented by parts per thousand PPT

- the measure for concentration of dissolved salts in the seawater

salinity of ocean water

35 ppt

What does precipitation do to salinity

It lowers the salinity of a body of water by diluting the salt in the seawater with the incoming fresh water

Runoff

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

1. Precipitation

2. Runoff

3. Evaporation

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

What does evaporation do to salinity

increases it

Hypersaline

waters that are highly or excessively saline

over 35 ppt

The mixing of layers within the ocean is driven by what?

Density

Halocline

A layer of water below the mixed surface layer where rapid change and salinity can be measured as depth increases

Thermocline

A layer between two layers of water with different temperatures

p H

Can numeric value expressing acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale

Acidic

Having a pH below 7 ** these are solutions with high concentrations of hydrogen ions

Alkaline

Having a pH of above 7

Neutral

Having a pH of 7

PH scale

logarithmic scale that measures the ratio of hydrogen ions to hydroxide ions

Measuring the pH of water

1. Litmus indicator and universal indicator

2. PH probe

Litmus indicator

It determines if a substance in an acid or an alkali it cannot show how strong and usher alkali is

Universal indicator

Shows a range of strengths for acids and alkalize scientists compare the color of the paper to the color of the pH skill to provide and give a whole pH number

PH probe

A monitoring device on an industrial fermenter that is used to measure the acidity of the solution. This controls the acid/base input to change the acidity to the optimum.

Gas is in the atmosphere compared to the ocean water

They are in the state of equilibrium

Turbulence

Irregular changes in the speed and direction of a fluid movement

** mixing is a result

What makes it easier for gasses is in the atmosphere to dissolve into the ocean?

Turbulence. This can lead to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the upper too many 200 m depths of the ocean

Factors contributing to the concentration of gases in seawater

1. Gas solubility

2. water temperature

3. atmospheric pressure

4. water pressure due to depth

5. salinity of the seawater

How does water temperature affect solubility?

Cold water can dissolve more gases than water at warmer temperatures i don't know what it is

How does water pressure do to death impact solubility?

Increasing pressure allows gases to be better able to dissolve into water

How to salinity affect the solubility of water?

Gases are better able to dissolve in water with lower levels of salinity because there are less taking space between water molecules

Dissolved oxygen

1. Bacteria decompose carry out aerobic respiration

2. Do like a food reduces need for organism to respire so they survive with less oxygen

3. Lower temperatures means more oxygen can stay dissolved in the water

4. ice pressure increases solubility of oxygen increases

Is temperature in Salinity increases...

The concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases

Where can the most dissolved oxygen be found?

The top 100 m of the ocean

Super Saturation

There is more oxygen dissolved in the seawater than it normally would be able to carry

Two factors that increase the amount of dissolved oxygen to super saturation level

The motion of the water and photosynthesis by producers

Phytoplankton

Microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in the upper sumlet layers of water

Oxygen minimum layer

The layer within the ocean where the concentration of the resolved oxygen is at its lowest typically found between the product zone between 100 m and 1,000 m deep

Dissolved oxygen increases with depth because...

1. Falling detritus is colonized by bacteria that decompose the organic matter caring out aerobic respiration which is an oxygen

Common non-mental elements

H20, O2, C6H12O6, SO2