AP bio unit 2

Prokaryote species

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea

Eukaryote species

Animal and Plant cells, Fungi, Protists

Prokaryote parts

Outside: Capsule, Cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, flagella. Inside: ribosomes, plasmids, nucleoid

Capsule

A sticky layer that helps

prokaryotes stick to surfaces, some capsules

add extra protection.

Cell Wall

Supports cell shape, protects cell,

permeable to to water (so dissolved stuff can

cross into cell).

Plasma Membrane

The phospholipid layer

Pili

Some prokaryotes have these, they help

the bacterium stick to surfaces. Other types

of pili can be used to “spear and reel in” other

bacteria to exchange plasmid DNA.

Ribosome

Free floating, makes proteins.

Plasmids

Small circular chunks of DNA,

contains a couple of genes that are easily

shared with other bacteria.

Nucleoid

One large circular chunk of DNA.

Contains rest of the bacteria’s genes. Not

enclosed by a nucleus.

All cells have a

Cell membrane

Ribosome

Cytoplasm

Dna/rna

Cytoskeleton

Only animal cell organelles

Centrioles

Gap junctions

Tight Junctions

Lysosomes

Cilia

Microvilli

Only plant cell organelles

Chloroplast

Plasmodesma

Large central vacuole

Both have

Nucleus

ER

Golgi body

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton

Vesicles

Vacuoles

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Prokaryotes share the

Flagella- Animal cells Cell Wall- Plant cells

Endomembrane organelles (Eukaryote)

Nucleus, Ribosomes, Free ribosomes, Smooth and Rough er, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisome

Types of vesicles

vacuoles, large central vacuole, contractile vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisome

Nucleus

Permanently stores DNA, hosts DNA synthesis/DNA replication which then gives directions to make proteins, hosts transcription for protein synthesis in rna.

RBC kick our nucleus to make room for hemoglobin’s during development so RBC’S in the end don’t have a nucleus

Chromatin (in nucleus)

DNA and associated proteins in a cell nucleus

Nucleoplasm (in nucleus)

semifluid interior portion of the nucleus

Nuclear envelope (covers nucleus)

double membrane with the nuclear pores that control which substances enter and exit the nucleus

Nucleolus (in nucleus)

Compartment of nucleus to make ribosomes, made of proteins and nucleic acids

[bound] Ribosomes (in eukaryotes)

site for translation in protein synthesis, amino acid monomers form into proteins. Make proteins to be bound on the rough er and the other proteins.

Free ribosomes (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

Make cytoplasmic proteins, DO NOT MAKE BOUND PROTEINS. Make excretory and membrane proteins instead.

Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm send out proteins for:

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes

Bound ribosomes to rough ER send out proteins for:

plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, endosomes, lysosomes

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

divides/organizes the cell for protein synthesis, has bound ribosomes that make then sends proteins to smooth ER.

Smooth ER (detoxification)

packages the proteins from rough er into vesicles and send them to the golgi apparatus. Some proteins stay in the smooth er to transform into enzymes that detoxify or the proteins stayed make phospholipids for the cell membrane.

Golgi apparatus

the proteins packaged into vesicles from the smooth er get final touches like adding a phosphate group etc. They are then sent/shipped to the finish products of the cell membrane to be excreted out of the cell. Vesicles can also be sent into the cell by lysosomes or peroxisomes to have stuff added before being shipped out to the cell membrane.

Vesicles

Small membranous sacs that store materials, transports materials around the cell or secrete materials out of the cell

secretory vesicles

fuse with the cell membrane to deliver membrane proteins. or fuses to release its secretory proteins using exocytosis.

vacuoles

larger vesicles that function as storage for food, water, waste

large central vacuole

only in plant cells, it stores water gives a force/pressure on the cell wall to provide rigidity and structure to plants. So when plants are dehydrated they wilt because of the lack of water in their large central vacuole causing no force to keep it upright.

Contractile vacuoles (unicellular eukaryotes)

removes water from the organism to avoid absorbing too much water from its environment to avoid the organism of dying

Lysosomes (animal cell)

produced by the golgi apparatus. It has over 50 kinds of hydrolytic enzymes (break chemical bonds), it digests old cell parts and large food molecules

In wbc lysosomes destroy engulfed pathogens

Peroxisome (eukaryotes)

formed by the fusion of the rough er, vesicles and the mitochondria.

In animal cells peroxisomes are found in the liver because it breaks down excess fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide.

In plants, peroxisomes are found in greater numbers in seeds and help break down the fats stored in seeds as the first energy for the seed to sprout

It contains enzymes and a crystalline core and helps create cholesterol, bile acids, and lipids for myelin sheaths for nerve cells

mitochondria (eukaryotic)

The more energy a cell needs, the more mitochondria it has. Mitochondria’s make the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration, so oxygen is needed, uses glucose to generate glucose

Mitochondria anatomy

two layers of membrane,

The inner membrane is folded (cristae) because it needs more surface area for more chemical reactions.

More surface area = more atp

Inside the cristae is the matrix which stores enzymes, proteins, ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA (from ur mom)

Mitochondria anatomy pt.2

Chloroplasts (plant)

Function in plants and algae, contain the pigment chlorophyll (captures energy from the sun and carbon from CO2 in the air to turn into glucose.

Chloroplasts are PLASTIDS (organelles that contain pigments surrounded by a membrane, have their own dna and ribosomes)

Chromoplasts are plastids that contain other pigments (not in photosynthesis, just color to attract pollinators)

Chloroplast anatomy

Thylakoids: flat green pancakes that store and collect energy for the first part of photosynthesis

grana: stack of thylakoids: a way to increase surface area

stroma: fluid that surrounds the thylakoids, site where the second half of photosynthesis to occur. Contains chloroplast DNA and chloroplast’s ribosomes.

Chloroplast anatomy pt.2

Endosymbiotic theory

Chloroplasts, other plastids and mitochondria were formed by a symbiotic relationship formed between early eukaryotes engulfing prokaryotes.

Cytoskeleton

A network of structural proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm. It’s made of protein filaments to reinforce, organize and move cell structures or move the whole cell.

Cilia and flagella are extensions of the cytoskeleton to allow for cell motility

Motor proteins can use the cytoskeleton as highways to bring important info. Motor proteins are important in muscle contraction, flagella movement, cilia movement and vesicle movement.

Cytoskeletons move when activated by ATP. Protists like amoeba have pseudopods to propel the cell forward

cytoskeleton (mitosis)

Animal cells have centrosomes (made of centrioles) to organize microtubules during mitosis. Those microtubules help move DNA around in cell division for mitosis.

Cell Wall

Cross linked networks of structural polysaccharides. Plant cells walls are made of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.

Extracellular Matric (animal cells)

●Animal cells have an extracellular matrix (ECM), networks of connective proteins (like collagen) outside the cell membrane.

●Think of the ECM as an external support scaffold and how cells can adhere together better.

○Collagen defects cause tissues to “tear” very easily.

Tight Junctions

Fasten together plasma membranes of adjacent cells, like gluing them together. This helps prevent substances leaking through a membrane layer.

For example, your stomach does not leak because the tight junctions seal up the stomach lining. Leaking stomach acid would be terrible!!! Ulcers result when the tight junctions are broken by bacteria or by diet.

Adhesion junction

Fasten cells to one another. These make tissues strong, they actually connect to the cytoskeletons inside cells, like sewing cells together.

Heart tissues and the skin have a lot of these, as they are subject to stretching and abrasion due to movement.

Gap junctions

Closable channels/tubes that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells. They let water, ions, and SMALL molecules to pass from cell to cell through the cytoplasm. These channels let whole regions of cells respond to one stimulus.

Heart muscles and nerve cells have a lot of these, to do coordinated actions.

Plasmodesmata (plant)

Passageways in the cell walls connecting the cytoplasms of adjacent cells to allow communication

Fluid Mosi