Exam 3 plant bio

What does heterosporous mean?

Producing two types of spores.

What is a megaspore?

Female spore.

What is a microspore?

Male spore.

What is a sporangium?

A structure that produces spores.

What is a seed?

A matured ovule containing an embryo

What is an ovule?

A structure that develops into a seed after fertilization.

What is pollen?

A mass of microspores that carries male reproductive cells.

Where is pollen formed?

How is pollen transported?

By wind, water, or insects.

What is the purpose of pollen?

To transport male reproductive cells to female structures.

What are integuments?

Protective layers of sporophyte tissue surrounding the ovule.

What do integuments develop into?

The seed coat.

What is the micropyle?

An opening in the integuments that allows sperm to enter.

What is the nucellus?

The fleshy megasporangium of seed plants.

What is the endosperm?

Food-storage tissue that provides nutrients to the embryo.

What does the seed coat do?

Protects the seed.

What is a sporophyte?

The diploid (2n) stage of a plant's life cycle.

What is a gametophyte?

The haploid (n) stage of a plant's life cycle.

What process produces haploid spores?

Meiosis.

What process restores the diploid chromosome number?

Fertilization.

What are the two major groups of seed plants?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms.

What does gymnosperm mean?

Naked seeds not enclosed in fruit.

What does angiosperm mean?

Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruit.

What are the four major gymnosperm groups?

Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.

What are examples of conifers?

Pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, cedars, and redwoods.

Do conifers have motile or non-motile sperm?

Non-motile sperm.

What is another name for cones?

Strobili

What do male pine cones produce?

Pollen

What do female pine cones contain?

Ovules

What are cycads known for?

Mostly tropical plants with motile sperm.

What does motile mean?

Able to move.

What is the only living species of ginkgo?

Ginkgo biloba.

What are ginkgo leaves shaped like?

Fans

Which gymnosperm group is most closely related to angiosperms?

Gnetophytes.

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruit.

Approximately how many angiosperm species exist?

350,000.

What are the two major groups of angiosperms?

Monocots and dicots.

What is a cotyledon?

An embryonic seed leaf.

How many cotyledons does a monocot have?

One

How many cotyledons does a dicot have?

Two

What type of veins do monocots have?

Parallel veins.

What type of veins do dicots have?

Branched or net-like veins.

How is vascular tissue arranged in monocots?

Scattered throughout the stem.

How is vascular tissue arranged in dicots?

In a ring.

What are monocot flower parts usually in multiples of?

Three

What are dicot flower parts usually in multiples of?

Four or Five

What type of roots do monocots have?

Fibrous roots that spread out.

What type of roots do dicots have?

Usually one main root (taproot).

What are examples of monocots?

Corn, grass, lilies, orchids, and onions.

What are examples of dicots?

Beans, roses, sunflowers, oak trees, and tomatoes.

What is a flower?

A modified shoot that bears sporophylls and functions in reproduction.

What is a peduncle?

The stalk of a flower.

What is a sepal?

A leaf-like structure that protects the developing flower bud.

What is a petal?

A colorful flower part that attracts pollinators.

What is the stamen?

The male reproductive part of a flower.

What is the carpel?

The female reproductive part of a flower.

What are the sterile parts of a flower?

Peduncle, sepals, and petals.

What are the fertile parts of a flower?

Stamen and carpel.

What is a microsporophyll?

A male spore-bearing structure.

What is a megasporophyll?

A female spore-bearing structure.

What are the two parts of the stamen?

Anther and filament.

What is the anther?

The part of the stamen that produces pollen.

What is the filament?

The stalk that holds up the anther.

What are the three main parts of the carpel?

Stigma, style, and ovary.

What is the stigma?

The sticky top of the carpel that collects pollen.

What is the style?

The stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary.

What is the ovary?

The part of the carpel that contains ovules.

What does the ovary become after fertilization?

Fruit

What do ovules become after fertilization?

Seeds

What is double fertilization?

A process in angiosperms involving two sperm and two fertilization events.

How many sperm are involved in double fertilization?

Two haploid sperm cells.

How do sperm reach the ovule?

Through a pollen tube.

What does the generative cell do?

Undergoes mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells.

What happens during the first fertilization?

One sperm joins the egg to form a diploid embryo (2n).

What happens during the second fertilization?

One sperm joins two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm (3n).

What does the first sperm produce?

A diploid embryo (2n).

What does the second sperm produce?

Triploid endosperm (3n).

What is the purpose of endosperm?

Provides stored food for the developing embryo.

What does triploid (3n) mean?

Having three sets of chromosomes.

What is pollination?

Pollen landing on the stigma.

What is fertilization?

What happens after pollen lands on the stigma?

A pollen tube forms and grows toward the ovule.

What carries sperm to the ovule?

The pollen tube.

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

Pollination is pollen transfer; fertilization is sperm joining the egg.

What are the main pollination strategies?

Wind, insects, birds, and bats.

What is wind pollination?

Wind carries pollen from one plant to another.

What are examples of wind-pollinated plants?

Oak, hickory, beech, and grasses.

What insects help with pollination?

Bees, beetles, flies, butterflies, and moths.

Why do insects visit flowers?

To collect nectar and pollen.How do birds help with pollination?

How do birds help with pollination?

They transfer pollen while feeding on nectar.

How do bats help with pollination?

They transfer pollen while feeding on nectar or pollen.

What is a fruit?

The matured and ripened ovary of a flower.

What does the ovary develop into?

Fruit

What does the ovule develop into?

Seed

What are the three major types of fruits?

Simple, aggregate, and multiple.

What is a simple fruit?

A fruit formed from one carpel or multiple fused carpels.

What are examples of simple fruits?

Drupes, legumes, nuts, and pomes.

What is a drupe?

A stone fruit with a hard pit.

What are examples of drupes?

Peaches, cherries, and plums.

What is a legume?

A fruit that develops from a single carpel, usually a pod.