A&P final exam review

Blood flow is ____ proportional to the difference in blood pressure, Blood flow is ____ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

directly; inversely

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because____.

performed antibodies in the recipient’s will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gasses between the blood and tissue cells in the primary function of____.

capillaries

Hemoglobin is made up of the red heme pigment and the protein globin.

True

Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent back flow of blood added into the atria during ventricular contraction

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched, oxygen rich blood would be pumped from the left ventricle to the lungs.

True

Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.

True

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

True

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

The cells responsible for producing platelets are called___.

Megakaryocytes

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering____.

bacterial infection

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and carry oxygenated blood in systemic circulation are____.

arteries

Less of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?

loss of blood clotting

The pulse pressure is ____.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

In general, it is expected that____.

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end the capillary bed

Which of the following is NOT part if the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

atrioventricular (AV) valve

If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the autonomic nervous system will attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing the heart rate.

True

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance

True

Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs

False

Hemolytic disease of the newborn will NOT be possible in which of the following situations listed below?

if the father is Rh-

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

O negative

Which two factors below make rapid and substantial blood loss life threatening?

loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen carrying capacity

The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

True

Select the correct statement about cardiac output.

Cardiac output increases when stroke volume increases and/or the heart beats faster

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?

pulmonary truck

Which of the following statements in NOT true of the precapillary sphincters?

They prevent blood from flowing backward in veins similar to the valves in the heart

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?

pulmonary veins

If the mitral valve is unable to close properly ____.

blood could flow back into the left atrium

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?

left atrium and ventricle

Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?

oxygen transport

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium be the ___.

coronary arteries

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses

True

If a patient with type B blood received a transfusion of AB blood, which of the following would occur?

The patient’s anti-A antibodies will agglutinate with the A antigens in the donor blood

Which of the following is true of antigens?

Antigens are substances that mobilize the adaptive defenses

The thymus is most active during___.

childhood

The primary immune response

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

pancreas

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

True

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by_____

natural killer cells

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures

True

Herd immunity occurs when enough people in a population become immune to a particular disease that it helps protect members of the population who lack immunity

True

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Interferons are secreted by virus-infected cells to help protect nearby cells that have not yet been infected

False

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ___.

vasodilation

There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node

False

When a B cell encounters its antigen, the antigen provokes the cell-mediated response, in which antibodies are made

False

In a case of immediate hypersensitivity, the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen

False

Lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the ____.

thoracic duct

Lymph leaves a lymph node via

efferent lymphatic vessels

peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large in large instestine

False

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8, Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

They become T helper cells

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis

True

Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ___.

Thymus

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

perforins create pores in the cell membrane and allow the passage of the apoptosis-inducing protein to enter the targeted cell

True

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by____.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the____.

Vital capacity

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway to the lymph?

lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducts

A vaccine is effective because ____.

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response

Peyer’s patches are found in the distal portion of the ____.

small intestine

Allergens differ from antigens because____.

allergens produce an intense reaction to what is an otherwise harmless antigen

The lymphatic capillaries are ___.

more permeable than blood capillaries

Which of the following would be a component of the body’s first line of defense?

mucous membrane

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ____.

lymph nodes

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes____.

natural killer cells

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ____.

Boyle’s law

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by____.

plasma cell

The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response

False

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ___.

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second and subsequent exposure to an antigen

Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart

False

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

synthesis of vitamin K

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

must contain all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins

False

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

lipids

Because the body can store much more fat than glycogen, fats accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.

False

There are no nutritionally complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant materials to make a nutritionally complete protein

False

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ____.

the vagus nerve and the enteric plexus

Which of the following is NOT true of saliva?

contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

The bolus is liquefied in the ___and it is now called chyme.

stomach

All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) exceptone. Select the statement that is NOT true of swallowing.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea

The amount of ___ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR).

thyroxine

The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build proteins.

True

The term metabolism is best defined as____.

The sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation

Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates

Grain

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complex proteins?

eggs, milk, meat, and fish

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones?

lipids

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called____.

digestion

Two varieties of polysaccharides provide fiber: insoluble fiber and soluble fiber

True

The absorption effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

villi and microvilli

The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis

True

The most abundant dietary lipids are____.

triglycerides

The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body

True

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12