Factors That Affect Bone Growth

Vocabulary flashcards covering the minerals, vitamins, hormones, and lifestyle/developmental factors that influence bone growth and remodeling.

Calcium and phosphorus

Minerals that make bone extracellular matrix hard.

Magnesium

Mineral that helps form bone extracellular matrix.

Fluoride

Mineral that helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix.

Manganese

Mineral that activates enzymes involved in the synthesis of bone extracellular matrix.

Vitamin A

needed for the activity of osteoblasts during bone remodeling

Vitamin C

Vitamin needed for the synthesis of collagen (the main bone protein)

Vitamin D

active form helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium

Vitamins K and B12

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins

Growth hormone (GH)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues upon stimulation by growth hormone

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

secreted by the thyroid gland

Insulin

secreted by the pancreas

Sex hormones (estrogens and testosterone)

secreted by the ovaries or testes that stimulate osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

secreted by the parathyroid glands

Calcitonin (CT)

secreted by the thyroid gland

Exercise (in bone growth)

Weight-bearing activities that stimulate osteoblasts, helping to build thicker, stronger bones

Aging (in bone growth)

The process where diminishing levels of sex hormones in middle to older adulthood (especially post-menopause) causes bone resorption by osteoclasts to outpace deposition by osteoblasts,

Bones

Store 99% of the bodies calcium

Parathyroid gland

Secretes parathyroid hormone when calcium levels drop

Osteoclasts

Stimulated to increase bone resorption and calcium is released

PTH

Stimulates the production of calcitriol by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestineS