psych chapter 14

Personality

The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others

Psychodynamic Approach

still deals with some of Freud's views on the unconscious, but makes some adjustments

Psychoanalytic

classic Freudian study on the unconscious, this is what Freud fully dealt with

fixated/fixation

• related to Freud's psychosexual model

• becoming preoccupied with the behaviors associated with specific stage

• if we fail to resolve a significant conflict in our lives during of the the psychosexual stages, we could become ____________.

Id

Freud; part of personality when you do whatever makes you happy; acting with your "pleasure principle" (ex. devil on your shoulder)

Ego

Freud; middle ground between superego and id; compromising between what you want to do and what you have to do; reality principle (combination of angel and devil)

Superego

Freud; your IDEAL self, what you ought to do (the angel on your shoulder)

Pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification, do whatever you want w no consequences

reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet; tying back to COMPROMISE between superego and id

Freud Psychosexual stage 1

oral fixation, infant babies 0-2, feeding; fixation results in smoking, nail biting, etc.

Freud Psychosexual stage 2

anal fixation, ages 2-4), retentive (clean freak) vs. expulsive (slob)

Freud Psychosexual stage 3

Phallic, age 5-8, Oedipus complex, jealous type + deficiency orientation,

Freud Psychosexual stage 4

Latency (hidden), 8-puberty, dormant sexual feelings

Freud Psychosexual stage 5

Genital, after puberty, no fixation because you are always in it, want to develop a mature sexual relationship : main goal

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra complex

during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Defense mechanisms

unconscious mechanisms according to Freud, used to protect ourselves against things that give us anxiety, shame, guilt, etc.

Repression

to push something out of awareness from your conscious to unconscious

Regression

Retreating to an earlier stage of life to feel happier

Reaction formation

Behaving and/or thinking the opposite of one's feelings

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real unconscious reasons

Sublimation

Transferring unacceptable impulses into a socially acceptable option

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Compensation

Overachieving in one area to make up for failures in another

Projection

Disguising one's thoughts/feelings and attributing them to others

Displacement

Shifting aggressive impulses to a less threatening object or person

Carl Jung & collective unconscious

Believed that we share unconscious thoughts from our ancestor and these thoughts shape our personality; called collective unconscious.

Alfred Alder and striving for superiority / inferiority complex

Believed that we have an unconscious drive to always be better; called striving for superiority

Karen Horney & Womb Envy

Believed that men suffer from this because they feel inadequate because they cannot give birth. This explains the "machoism" that men often show, called womb envy

Trait Approach

focuses on the consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that form individual personalities, BELIEVE PERSONALITY COMES FROM NATURE

Gordan Allport

trait theory; attempted to describe personality, believed in central traits vs. secondary traits

Central traits

characteristics that are usually obvious to others that organize and control behavior in many different situations; "c" as in CORE traits, always present

Secondary traits

characteristics that are more specific to certain situations and control less behavior ("s" as in situational)

Hans Eysenck's Trait Theory

two dimensions: introversion-extraversion, emotionality-stability (or neuroticism), incorporated nervous system to explain how we become who we are (nervous w public speaking = unstable, vice versa)

Jeffrey Gray's Approach-Inhibition Theory

behavioral approach system (you go for it), behavioral inhibition system (you don't go for it b/c scared)

Costa & McCrae's Big 5 Model

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN or CANOE), used to DESCRIBE personality

Minnesota Twins Study

monozygotic identical twins, raised together and apart, shows the importance of nature but does not ignore nurture

Social cognitive approach

focuses on CONSCIOUS thoughts and emphasizes NURTURE; the view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior

Reciprocal determinism

Alert Bandura; said that thoughts, behavior, and the environment interact to create a person's personality

Perceived self-efficacy / self-efficacy theory (high vs. low)

High self-efficacy: high expectations of success, you have succeeded before, you believe you will succeed again Low self-efficacy: you have struggled before, you have low expectations and feel you will fail again in the future

Walter Mischel's Cognitive Person Variables

Encodings, expectancies, affects, goods and values, competencies and self-regulatory plans

Julian Rotter's Expectancy Theory

learning creates COGNITIONS (known as expectancies), which will then guide BEHAVIOR which leads to the creation of your personality

Internal locus of control (internals)

Expecting events to be controlled by your own efforts

External locus of control (externals)

Expecting events to be determined by external forces you have no control over (ex. fate)

Humanistic Approach

focuses on GROWTH and POTENTIAL (or perception)

Actualizing tendency (Carl Rogers)

built-in motivation everyone has to achieve self-actualization

Self-concept (Carl Rogers)

the way one thinks of oneself

Conditions of worth (Carl Rogers)

(THIS IS A NEGATIVE) feelings experienced whenever people are evaluated rather than their behavior

Objective tests (personality inventories)

contain CLEAR ITEMS to access a person's personality; true vs. false, yes vs. no, rating scale, quick & efficient but can easily be deceived

MMPI

objective test, a true vs. false test, first used to test for psych disorders

NEO-PI-R

objective test, 3 from 5 of Big 5, used for marriage, "private version" for yourself and "public version" for someone else such as a spouse

Projective tests

more open-ended, respond to VAGUE STIMULI to reveal UNCONSCIOUS

Rorschach Inkblot Test

projective test; 10 cards with inkblots, you describe what you see (which is only part of the scale, another part is, for example, what part you focus on. middle of the page? end? etc.)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test, 10-12 cards with pictures, you tell stories about the people & the scene

Self-actualization

"be all that I can be," Maslow, the process by which people achieve their full potential

Deficiency vs. growth orientation

deficiency - tend to focus on what you do not have; growth - satisfied with what you have