test 2

Fear

An immediate emotional response to danger or perceived threat

Anxiety

A future-oriented apprehension, tension, or sense of dread

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls bodily functions not consciously directed

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Hormonal system involved in cortisol

GAD Main Symptom

worry about practically anything

Heightened

How is the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in GAD?

Amygdala (GAD)

In GAD, where is greater reactivity to emotional stimuli?

GABA

In GAD, which neurotransmitter has a reduction in synaptic transmissions?

Unconditional positive regard

What does Carl Rogers’ explanation for GAD involve?

Conditions of worth

In GAD, what does a lack of unconditional positive regard lead to?

Client-centered therapy

In GAD, what humanistic therapy is there?

Emotional regulation

balance between understanding and identifying one’s thoughts and feelings while being able to manage the emotional impact on their behavior and function.

Cognitive risk

Potential attentional bias toward threat-related stimuli

Maladaptive assumptions

Cognitive risks are linked to this which is linked to irrational beliefs

Limbic system (Panic)

What brain structures are involved in panic disorder?

locus ceruleus

In panic disorder, what has dysregulation of norepinephrine systems?

Anxiety sensitivity

tendency to believe that anxiety and its symptoms harm the body

Interoceptive awareness

heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a coming panic attack

interoceptive conditioning

bodily cues that occurred at the beginning of a previous panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks

conditioned avoidance response

behaviors are reinforced because it allows individuals to avoid situations that cause anxiety

Animal phobias

phobias about animals

Natural environment phobias

phobias about elements of natural environments

Blood-injection-injury phobias

phobias about blood, injections, or injury

Situations phobias

phobias about being in a situation such as enclosed places

Agoraphobia

what can panic disorder develop into?

Interoceptive conditioning

Individual learns to associate internal bodily sensations or physiological cues with certain emotional or psychological responses

Exteroceptive conditioning

classical conditioning of external stimuli from the environment with emotional or psychological responses

Prepared classical conditioning

theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times

Observational learning

May observe that others are afraid of certain objects or events and develop fears of the same thing

Imitation learning

May mimic behaviors of those around them and develop fears

Negative reinforcement

How are specific phobias and agoraphobia maintained?

Imagery Rescripting

Restructure previously maladaptive meanings associated with aversive early peer experiences to reduce symptoms

Mindfulness-Based Intervention

Accept anxiety and observe it rather than judging oneself and avoiding people or situations

Fluctuating

How can the severity of OCD be described?

Exposure and response prevention

Gold standard of therapy for OCD

Adjustment disorder

What is the most common diagnosis?

Either shortly after or months to years after

How long after an A criterion trauma can PTSD develop?

Within four weeks

How long after an A criterion trauma can Acute stress disorder develop?

Less than a month

How long do symptoms last in acute stress disorder?

intrusive, avoidance, negative changes in cognitions and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and criterion A

What kind of symptoms are needed for PTSD?

Amygdala (PTSD)

what experiences hyperactivity in PTSD?

Prefrontal cortex

What has less activity in PTSD?

Cognitive Processing Therapy

Focuses on changing cognitions in PTSD

Prolonged Exposure Therapy

Focuses on changing behaviors in PTSD avoidance

Written Exposure Therapy

Second-line treatment for ptsd that does not involve homework or talking through trauma

EMDR

Second-line treatment for PTSD that does not involve homework

Phallic stage

What Freudian stage do girls get stuck in to cause FNSD?

Electra complex

Name for oedepus complex

Primary gains

This allows a person to avoid anxiety in FNSD

Secondary gains

This allows a person to avoid obligations or get attention in FNSD

Limbic networks (FNSD)

What system may be involved in FNSD?

Hidden observer

Theory that there is multiple types of consciousness that allows you to act

Active mode

Conscious plans and desires in the Hidden Observer theory

Passive Receptive mode

Registers and stores information in memory without being aware that the information is being processed in Hidden Observer theory

Mutually amnesic

No alters know of each other

Mutually cognizant

All alters know of each other

One-way amnesic

Some alters know of other alters, others don’t

Localized amnesia

Loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period

Selective amnesia

Loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period

Generalized amnesia

Loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time. May include a loss of identity

Continuous amnesia

Forgetting continues into the future