test 3 micro biology

Microbes include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa that live in stable relationships with us, forming the human _____

microbiome

the human and its microbiom is called ____ a combined entity functioning as a unit

holobiont

some microbes are muteralistic, commensal, and pathogenic explain what these three things mean

mutrally benifical

neither harm nor benifit

harmful

babies and in utero previously thought to be sterile the womb has its own _____

microbiota

birth vaginal and C section births how do the differents effect baby microbiomes

different birth rate can result in a different microbiome based on where the baby came out

milk/ baby formula explain the micrbiome provided to babies

milk has its own microbiome while baby formula is sterolized and has none

how babies get their microbiomes from care givers

families share microbes with the baby

how babies get microbes from their envirments

babies can just pick up microbes from anything they come into contact with

The Human microbiome project launched year 2007 what was its goal

map microbial diversity, link to health/ diease

The human microbiome project revolutionized our understanding of _____ ______

Nomral biota

The human microbiome project taught us that _____ exist in areas previously considered_____ including the lungs, placenta and blood stream

microbes

sterial

the human microbe project taught us that every healthy individual harbors potentially _____ _____ in low numbers which are typically kept in check by the microbiome

harmful pathogens

The microbiomes composition influences human health affecting everything from ______ to viral infections

susceptibility

what is colinization in terms of microbess

when microbes live on or inside a host without causing diease

what is infection in terms of microbes

occurs when pathogenic micro organisms penetrate host defenses, enters tissues, and multipy

diseases refer to what in microbes

refers to a pathological state where the infection results in damage or disruption to tissues or organs

True pathogens are microbes capable of causing diease in ____ indivduals

healthy

Oppertunistic Pathogens microbes that only cause diease when the hosts defenses are _____ or when they enter a part of the body they dont normally _____

weakened

inhabit

age weakening host defenses explain very young and very old

young: no immune system built

old: declining immune system

factors that weaken the host defenses genetic defects ex _____ _______ or ______ _______ like aids

inheritated immune disorders

acquired immunodeficiencies like aids

factors that weaken host defenses surgery and organ transplants which introduce ____ material into the body

forign

factors that weaken host defenses chemotherapy and immunosupressive drugs: that reduce _____ _____ function

immune system

factors that weaken host defenses physical and mental stress which negatively impacts immune ______

responses

microbial antagonism: The natural projection conferred by normal biota which prevents ______ ____ ______ _______

over growth of harmful microorgamism

normal vagina microbial vs dysbiotic vaginal microbiota

normal: ph goes down

dysbotic: tirchomeisais happens pH goes up

virulence the degree of pathogencity or the _____ of a microbe to cause diease

ability

infectious dose (ID): the _____ number of microbes required to cause an infection

minim

what is the 5 step process of the steps of infection

finding a point of entry,

attachment,

surving the host defenses

causing damage

exiting the host

point of entry skin how they get in

cuts, abrasions insect bites

gastrointensital point of entry for microbes they get in through

comtainated food or water

respiratory tract point of entry explain

inhalization airborne particles

point of entry urogenital tract explain

through sexual contact leading to stis

pathogens capiable of corssing the placnetal barrier torch acronym explain

t toxoplasmosis

o other pathogens

r rubella

c cytomegalovirus

h herpes

name some attachment structures

fimbre, flagella, cillia, hooks, barbs, spike proteins

glycocaylce define

slime layers and capsules assist in adhesion

invasion strats intracellular pathogens explain

pathogens reproduce inside host cells evading immune defenses

obligate intracellular invasion stat

only reproduce inside cells

faculative intracellular invasion strategy explain

can reproduce inside or outside cells

entry mechanisms effector proteins do what

trigger host cell entry

entry mechanisms surface protein do what

bind to host receptors

phagocytes are ______ blood cells that engulf and destory pathogens by using enzymes and animicrobial chemicals

white

pathogens devloped strats to evade phagocytosis such as: capsules that make it hard for ______ to engulf bacteria

phagocytes

pathogens devloped strats to evade phagocytosis such as: ____ that kills phagocytes

toxins

pathogens devloped strats to evade phagocytosis such as: some bacteria can survive _____ phagocytes after ingestion

inside

microbes cause harm to host in 3 main ways

direct damage

toxins

indirect damage

microbes cause harm through direct damage through ________ that break down host tissues

exoenzymes

microbes cause harm through toxins both exotoxins and endotoxins explain both

exotoxins: secreted by live bacteria

endotoxins: components of the outer membrane of gram negitive bacteria

microbes cause harm through indirect damage by causing excessive ______ responces which result in ____ damage to host tissues

immune

collaterial

hyaluronase is a poolymer found in layers of the epidermis that micribes _____ _____ to infect skin and connective tissues

break down

toxigenicty definition:

the ability of a pathogen to produce toxins that causes tissue damage

endotoxins are found inside the ____ in gram ____ bacteria

LPS

negative

endotoxins release when the bacteria cell ____ or during cell ____

dies

division

Endo toxins Lipid A triggers immune ______ high levels can lead to _____ ______

inflamation

septic shock

exotoxins are ____ molecules produced by bacteria which target specfific cells and recpetors causing damage through unique mechanisms

protein

exotoxins are heat ____ often inactivated above 41 c and are extemelty ____ (their strength)

tolerant

potent

botullium toxin causes the blocking of ______which stops muscle ____

acetylcholine

muscle contractions

tetanus toxin causes the blocking of ____ and _____ which prevents ___ of muscles

glycine

GABA
Relaxation

portals of exit bacteria include these 4 ways

respiatory secretions

fecal matter

skin (shedding)

blood (insect bites etc)

localized infection explain

confined to a specific area

systemic infection explain

spreads throughout the body

focal infection explain

microbe breaks lose from a localized infection and carried to other tissues

mixed infections explain

infection where several microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

difference between signs and symtpoms

signs: objective what you can actually prove or tell

symptoms: subjective what you

symndrome is a specific combination of ____ an _____ associaed with a particular diease

sign and symptoms

horozonal transmission is defined as

direct contact between individuals

vertical transmission is defined as

the spread of an infection from parent to offspring via plcenta, breast milk, or sperm

indirect transmission definition

pathogens are transmised via vehicles such as contamiated good, water, or fomited (innanimate objects such as door handles) and airbone particles (droplits from sneezing)

biological vectors: animals that are involved in the ____ ____ of a pathogen and transmit it by biting or other mechanisms

life cycle

mechanical vectors animals that ____ cary pathogens on their body parts but are not direclty involved in the pathgogens ____ _____

passively

life cycle

living resoviors include ___ or ____ that spread diease

animals or humans

Humans: can be actively ____ or _____ carreries

sick

asymptomatic

Animals can act as a ____ source of infection ex cats carrying taxoplasmosis

direct

anthropods serve as both ____ and _____

reservoirs and vectors

reservoir of infection is a ____ source

constant

non living resvoirs include ___ ____ ___

soil ,water and air

carriers are individuals who harbor a pathogen without showing _____ but can. still spread the infection to others

symptoms

asymptomatic carriers explain

infected but show no symptoms (typhoid mary)

incubating carriers explain

individuals who are infected and can trasnmit the pathogen during the incubation period/ before symptoms appear

covalent carriers explain

indivduals who are recovering from an infection but can still transmit the pathogen to others

chronic carriers explain

indivudals who shelter the pathogen for long periods even after recovering from an acute phase of the diease

passive carriers are

individuals who mechanically transfer pathogens to others without being infected themselves

incubation period is period 1 explain it (time varies )

time between intial contact and apperance of first symtpom

prodromal period (step#2) course of an infection explain it

short period 1-2 days charecterized by early mild symtpoms like fatigue, muscle aches etc

3 acute phase explain

pathogen multiples at high levels symptoms at peak

when disease is most severe, fever inflimation tissue damage,

covid 19 patients have respatory distress at this phase

4 covalent period explain

immune system or medical treatment begins to overcome the pathogen, patient begins t orecover but body may have low levels of pathogen

latency explain

pathogen remains dorment in host and can re activate later like herpes

sequence explain what this means define it

long term or permenent damage caused by infection even after recovery

epidemiology is the study of disease ________ and health related events

occurences

epidemiology focuses on etiology and transmission, define both

what causes disease

how diseases spead

epidemiologist ask what 5 questions

who, what, when, where, why

what is the role of public health?

organized efforts to improve community health

public health relys on epidemiology to do what

plan vaccine programs, promote healthy behaviors, and respond to dease outbreaks

THE CDC stands for what and they do what

center for disease control and prevention

moniter and control public health threats in the us

track diease outbreaks,

run emergnecy responces

promotes health education

florence nightgale was a pinoneer of modern public health through ______ and nursing

statistcs

John snow is the father of ______ and explain what he did with chloera

epidemiology,

he invested the chlorera outbreak and found that it was all due to one water pump and had them remove the pump handle and the outbreak stopped.

why did the CDC begin? what do they work on currently?

stop malaria

now: track infectious diseases

preventing chronic illnesses

fighting antibotic resistance

Prevalence explain to me what this means when referring to diease cases

TOTAL NUMBER, NEW AND OLD tells us how widespread a diease is

Incidence when refering to diease cases tell me what this is

Number of new cases, tells us how fast a disease is spreading

morbitity vs morbity rate, vs mortality rate

being sick or unhealthy

percent of population effected

percent of people who die from a disease

Seroprevalence is a special form of prevalence that comes from _____ tests not just reported cases

blood