Fundamentals of Pathology: Medical Course and Step 1 Review (Pathoma)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards reviewing key concepts, disease entities, histological features, and structural anatomy from Fundamentals of Pathology (Pathoma 2023 Edition) by Dr. Husain A. Sattar.

Husain A. Sattar, MD

Associate Professor of Pathology and Associate Director of Clinical Pathophysiology and Therapeutics at The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, and author of Fundamentals of Pathology.

Fundamentals of Pathology

Medical course and Step 1 review textbook (2023 Edition) by Dr. Husain A. Sattar covering foundational pathology concepts across 19 organ-system chapters.

Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, and Cell Death

Chapter 1 of Fundamentals of Pathology, encompassing cellular growth adaptations, reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis patterns, apoptosis, and pathologic intracellular accumulations.

Inflammation, Inflammatory Disorders, and Wound Healing

Chapter 2 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering acute inflammation, vascular and cellular events, chronic inflammation, granulomatous diseases, systemic autoimmune disorders, and tissue repair.

Principles of Neoplasia

Chapter 3 of Fundamentals of Pathology, focusing on the nomenclature, genetic alterations, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, hallmarks of cancer, and tumor staging and grading.

Hemostasis and Related Disorders

Chapter 4 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, platelet disorders, coagulation cascade factor deficiencies, hypercoagulable states, and thrombosis.

Red Blood Cell Disorders

Chapter 5 of Fundamentals of Pathology, addressing the classification and mechanisms of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias, hemoglobinopathies, and hemolytic states.

Hemoglobin F ($\text{HbF}$)

Fetal hemoglobin characterized by a globin subunit composition of two alpha and two gamma chains ($\alpha_2\gamma_2$).

Hemoglobin A ($\text{HbA}$)

The predominant adult hemoglobin characterized by a globin subunit composition of two alpha and two beta chains ($\alpha_2\beta_2$).

Hemoglobin A2 ($\text{HbA}_2$)

A minor adult hemoglobin variant composed of two alpha and two delta globin chains ($\alpha_2\delta_2$).

Plasmodium falciparum (P falciparum)

Protozoan parasite causing malaria, identifiable on peripheral blood smear as delicate intraerythrocytic ring-form trophozoites within red blood cells.

White Blood Cell Disorders

Chapter 6 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering non-neoplastic leukocyte alterations, reactive lymphadenopathy, acute and chronic leukemias, and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Vascular Pathology

Chapter 7 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing vasculitis of large, medium, and small vessels, systemic hypertension, arteriosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular neoplasms.

Cardiac Pathology

Chapter 8 of Fundamentals of Pathology, reviewing ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, congenital heart defects, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies.

Respiratory Tract Pathology

Chapter 9 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing diseases of the upper airways, chronic obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases, infections, and pulmonary neoplasms.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acid-fast bacillus causing necrotizing granulomatous (caseous) inflammation in pulmonary tissue, demonstrated with specialized acid-fast stains.

Gastrointestinal Pathology

Chapter 10 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering disorders of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, appendix, large intestine, and colon polyps.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

Curved, spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium colonizing the gastric epithelial surface, associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma.

Tropheryma whippelii (T. whippelii)

Actinobacterial pathogen responsible for Whipple disease, visualized histopathologically as periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive organisms inside macrophages within the small bowel lamina propria.

Exocrine Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver Pathology

Chapter 11 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing acute and chronic pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, metabolic liver diseases, and hepatobiliary malignancies.

Kidney and Urinary Tract Pathology

Chapter 12 of Fundamentals of Pathology, addressing congenital anomalies, nephrotic and nephritic glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and urinary tract tumors.

Female Genital System and Gestational Pathology

Chapter 13 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering diseases of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and placenta, including gestational trophoblastic disease.

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

A form of gestational trophoblastic disease presenting grossly with grape-like fluid-filled vesicles, diffuse trophoblastic proliferation, and the absence of fetal tissue (Table 13.1).

Male Genital System Pathology

Chapter 14 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma.

Endocrine Pathology

Chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering hyper- and hypofunctional disorders and neoplasms of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, and adrenal cortex and medulla.

Cushing Syndrome

Clinical state of hypercortisolemia characterized by central obesity, moon facies, and hypertension, categorized into ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent etiologies in Table 15.1.

Breast Pathology

Chapter 16 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing inflammatory conditions, fibrocystic changes, benign epithelial and stromal tumors, and in situ and invasive carcinomas of the breast.

Phyllodes Tumor

A fibroepithelial breast neoplasm characterized histologically by prominent cellular stromal overgrowth and leaf-like projections.

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Comedo Type

A high-grade variant of ductal carcinoma in situ characterized by malignant intraductal proliferation with prominent central comedo necrosis and dystrophic calcification.

Central Nervous System Pathology

Chapter 17 of Fundamentals of Pathology, covering neural tube defects, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, infections, demyelinating conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and CNS neoplasms.

Spinal Cord Tracts

Major neural pathways through the spinal cord outlined in Table 17.1, including ascending sensory pathways (dorsal column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic) and descending motor pathways (corticospinal).

Musculoskeletal Pathology

Chapter 18 of Fundamentals of Pathology, examining developmental skeletal anomalies, metabolic bone disorders, osteomyelitis, bone tumors, and inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.

Skin Pathology

Chapter 19 of Fundamentals of Pathology, detailing inflammatory skin conditions, autoimmune blistering diseases, infectious dermatoses, and epithelial and melanocytic skin neoplasms.