cancer within mitosis

carinoma

comes from epithelial tissue

• in lining of living tissue and in most organs

adenocarcinoma

in secretory epithelial tissue

• not just in lining

Sarcoma

in connective tissue

• muscles, bones, and feet

Lymphoma

in blood cells (hematopoietic)

• leukemia (in white blood cells)

Neuroectodermal

in nervous system

teratoma

able to produce different tissues

what are major risk factors for cancer

heredity, sun, viruses, UV radiation, chemicals, smoking, cells dividing (age)

what is the BIGGEST risk for cancer

age

correlation

in a graph, the lines match

causation

how data is linked, do they cause one another

cancer

the result of mutations

• the buildup of mutation

• disease of the cell cycle

Protooncogenes

normal, promote regulated growth

oncogenes

mutated or overactive form of growth, cause cancer

tumor suppressors

normal stop signals in the cell, help restrain cell division or respond to cellular damage

if there is a tumor

there will be high oncogenes and low tumor suppressors

what are two types of tumor supressors

p53, Rb

cancer staging

0-4 stages

stage 0

Cancer in situ

stage 1

true cancer, small, localized to organ of organ

stage 2

large, localized to organ of organ

stage 3

spread to lymph nodes

stage 4

distant metastases

how to diagnose cancer

PET Scans, CT Scans, visual tests, or biomarker

what are possible treatments for cancer

Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Immunotherapy

what does radiation do

it breaks the DNA at the G2 checkpoint which leads to apoptosis

what does chemotherapy do

Cell Cycle Arrest (targets either S or M phase), kinase inhibitors (blocks growth signals)

what does immunotherapy do

Activation of Immune System

• raises ITIMs and lowers ITAMs

If a patient had an inactivating mutation in Rb which led the patient to develop a tumor, would this be an example of an oncogene or a tumor suppressor

tumor suppressor

When surveyed, the tumor was large but still in the organ of origin, this tumor would be staged as?

stage 2

If we gave chemotherapy that disrupted the microtubules, what checkpoint would the cells fail? Would you expect cytotoxicity (death of normal cells) or only the tumor cells will be affected?

M checkpoint would fail and there would be cytotoxicity because the rapidly dividing cells would also be affected