A-Level Psychology Revision: Memory, Attachment, Clinical Psychology, and Social Influence

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering key topics, studies, statistics, and concepts across Memory, Attachment, Clinical Psychology, and Social Influence from the lecture notes.

Iconic memory stores visual information and lasts for approximately __________ seconds.

$$0.5$$

Echoic memory stores auditory information and has a duration of approximately __________ seconds.

$$2\text{--}3$$

Miller (1956) suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is approximately __________ items.

$$7 \pm 2$$

Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that short-term memory has a duration of approximately __________ seconds without rehearsal.

$$18\text{--}30$$

Baddeley (1966) found that short-term memory relies mainly on __________ coding, while long-term memory relies mainly on semantic coding.

acoustic

The Multi-Store Model of memory, proposing three separate stores, was put forward by __________ in 1968.

Atkinson and Shiffrin

In Glanzer and Cunitz's (1966) study, the primacy effect reflects rehearsal into long-term memory, while the __________ effect supports short-term memory storage.

recency

Shallice and Warrington's study of patient __________ showed impaired verbal short-term memory alongside intact visual memory, challenging the multi-store model.

KF

In the Working Memory Model, the __________ directs attention, allocates resources, and does not store information itself.

central executive

Within the phonological loop, the __________ temporarily holds sounds and acts as the "inner ear".

phonological store

Within the phonological loop, the __________ rehearses sounds and acts as the "inner voice".

articulatory control process

In the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the __________ stores visual information such as colour and form.

visual cache

In the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the __________ processes spatial information and movement.

inner scribe

The component of the Working Memory Model added by Baddeley in 2000 to combine information from other components and long-term memory is the __________.

episodic buffer

The type of interference where old information disrupts the recall of new information is known as __________ interference.

proactive

The type of interference where new information disrupts the recall of old information is known as __________ interference.

retroactive

Baddeley and Hitch (1977) demonstrated interference theory in real life by testing __________ players on their recall of opponents' names.

rugby

Godden and Baddeley (1975) supported context-dependent forgetting by testing divers who learned and recalled words either underwater or on __________.

land

Carter and Cassaday (1998) supported state-dependent forgetting by investigating recall in participants under different __________ states.

drug-induced

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment on leading questions, participants who heard the verb __________ gave the highest speed estimates and were more likely to report seeing broken glass.

smashed

Gabbert et al. (2003) demonstrated the influence of __________ by showing that paired witnesses who discussed a crime incorporated details seen only by their partner.

post-event discussion

The __________ law states that the relationship between anxiety and cognitive performance follows an inverted U-shaped curve.

Yerkes-Dodson

In Johnson and Scott's (1976) study on the weapon focus effect, participants who saw a man carrying a __________ were less accurate in identifying him than those who saw a pen.

knife

The four main techniques of the Cognitive Interview developed by Fisher and Geiselman are: report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order, and __________.

change perspective

Lorenz (1935) investigated __________, an innate form of attachment that occurs during a critical period shortly after birth in geese.

imprinting

Harlow (1959) found that frightened rhesus monkeys sought comfort from the __________ mother rather than the wire mother that provided food.

cloth

According to Dollard and Miller's learning theory, attachment forms as a secondary drive through its association with hunger, which is a __________ drive.

primary

In Bowlby's monotropic theory, innate infant behaviours like smiling, crying, and grasping that encourage caregiving are called __________.

social releasers

Bowlby proposed a critical period for attachment formation of approximately the first __________ years of life.

$$2\frac{1}{2}$$

According to Bowlby, an infant's first attachment creates a mental template for future relationships called an __________.

internal working model

In Mary Ainsworth's original US research using the Strange Situation, approximately __________ of infants were classified as secure.

$$66\%$$

In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows little separation distress and avoids or ignores the caregiver at reunion is classified as __________.

insecure-avoidant

In Ainsworth's original US research, approximately __________ of infants were classified as insecure-resistant.

$$12\%$$

In van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's (1988) cross-cultural meta-analysis, variation within cultures was found to be approximately __________ times greater than variation between cultures.

$$1.5$$

Simonella et al. (2014) assessed 76 Italian 12-month-old infants using the Strange Situation and found that __________ were classified as insecure-avoidant.

$$36\%$$

In Bowlby's (1944) 44 thieves study, 14 thieves were diagnosed as __________, many of whom had experienced prolonged early separation.

affectionless psychopaths

In Rutter's English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study, many children adopted before __________ months showed substantial developmental catch-up.

six

Jahoda (1958) defined abnormality by outlining criteria for ideal mental health, which included self-actualisation, autonomy, resistance to stress, and __________.

environmental mastery

Under the DSM-5, the category of phobia characterised by fear of situations where escape or help might be difficult is known as __________.

agoraphobia

According to Mowrer's two-process model, phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through __________.

operant conditioning

Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned a fear response to a white rat in an infant referred to as __________.

Little Albert

Wolpe developed systematic desensitisation based on the concept of __________, which states that relaxation and anxiety cannot occur simultaneously.

reciprocal inhibition

In behavioural therapy, __________ involves immediate and prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus without allowing avoidance until anxiety decreases via extinction.

flooding

Beck's negative triad describes cognitive distortions in depression focusing on negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the __________.

future

In Ellis's ABC model, "A" stands for activating event, "B" stands for belief, and "C" stands for __________.

consequence

Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) extends the ABC model by adding "D" for disputation and "E" for __________.

effective new belief

Candidate genes associated with OCD include COMT, which regulates dopamine, and __________, which is involved in transporting serotonin.

SERT

In biological explanations of OCD, the __________ cortex is implicated in decision-making and processing information regarding potential danger.

orbitofrontal

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as the drug __________, work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron.

fluoxetine

The tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) sometimes prescribed as an alternative for OCD when SSRIs are unsuitable is __________.

clomipramine

A deep form of conformity involving both public and private change in beliefs that typically persists in the absence of the group is called __________.

internalisation

A superficial form of conformity involving public agreement to avoid rejection while private beliefs remain unchanged is called __________.

compliance

The explanation for conformity based on the cognitive need to be right is termed __________ social influence.

informational

The explanation for conformity based on the desire to be liked and accepted by a group is termed __________ social influence.

normative

In Asch's (1951) baseline line-judgement task, naive participants conformed on approximately __________ of critical trials.

$$36.8\%$$

In Asch's (1951) conformity experiment, approximately __________ of participants never conformed on any critical trial.

$$25\%$$

In Milgram's (1963) baseline obedience study, __________ of participants administered electric shocks up to the full 450V.

$$65\%$$

In Milgram's baseline obedience study, __________ of participants stopped administering shocks at 300V.

$$12.5\%$$

In Milgram's situational variation involving touch-proximity, obedience dropped from the baseline to approximately __________.

$$30\%$$

When Milgram moved his experiment from Yale University to a run-down office building, obedience fell to approximately __________.

$$47.5\%$$

When the experimenter in Milgram's study was replaced by an ordinary member of the public in normal clothes, obedience fell to approximately __________.

$$20\%$$

The psychological transition from an autonomous state to an agentic state is described as the __________.

agentic shift

Adorno et al. (1950) devised the __________ to measure tendencies associated with an authoritarian personality.

F-scale

Rotter (1966) proposed that individuals with an __________ locus of control believe outcomes are determined by their own actions and are more likely to resist social pressure.

internal

In minority influence, the __________ principle describes how influence is strengthened when a minority demonstrates commitment by taking risks or making sacrifices.

augmentation

Moscovici et al. (1969) showed that a __________ minority naming blue slides as green exerted significantly more influence than an inconsistent minority.

consistent