ENVP-200 midterm

Biodiversity

Describing the variety of life on Earth

Keystone Species

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on it’s ecosystem relating to population size

ex) salmon

Benefits that salmon bring

Returning adults bring marine nutrients back to areas their ecosystem that lacks it

How is biodiversity arranged in space in time?

Space: More biodiversity near the equator

Decreases as you move away from the equator,

Warm climate areideal conditions for most plants and animals

Time: Biodiversity decreases as extinction rates increase

Why is biodiversity important?

Important for ecosystem resilience, ecosystem services, biodiversity increases species Interactions

Biodiversity services

food, clothes, medicines, biogeochemical cycles (oxygen,carbon, nitrogen),Psychospiritual Benefit, recreation.

Mt. Rainier

Beginning of the Nisqually river from glacier and is at Mt.Rainier National Park

Billy Frank Jr. Estuary

-estuary at the end of Nisqually river

-named after well known activist

-Site of big restoration project to bring back the estuary for Salmon

Wilcox Farm

-near Centralia diversion dam

-On the Nisqually River post the Alder Dam

-Local producer of eggs +sustainable farm practices

-Works with Nisqually tribwe to protect the river

Aldes/La Grande Dam

-Middle of the river

-Creates a lot of energy used to power the city of Tacoma

ELJ’s (South Prairie Creek,Eatonville)

On tributaries off of the rivers

Recconects off channel habitat

Channel complexity

increases pool frequency

sorts/retain spawning gravel

Pool frequency

how often deep, slow-moving sections of water (pools) occur along a specific length of a stream or river

South Prairie creek

restoration project that transformed a dairy farm back into salmon habitat, use of ELJ’s to help

Clarks Creek Hatchery

-Brings in fish straight from creek,

-Increases number of salmon but hurts genetic diversity

Ranking from mountain-river to Ocean

1.Mt. Rainier

2.Alder/ La Grande Dam

3. Wilcox Farms

4. JBLM

5. Billy Frank Jr.

Spirit of the salmon creation story (Muckleshoot Tribe)

-In the beginning animals, plants, could talk

-They knew humans couldn’t survive on their own

-Fish ppl come forward sacrificing their bodies sop ppl had something to eat

-But, where will the fish ppl live?

-The water spirit come forward and offered themselves as the home for the fish

-After, this the plant and animals could no longer speak

-Therefore, it is the duty of the ppl to advocate for them

-The ppl honor them by hoding ceremonies for the salmon, salmonberry’s huckleberry

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Environmental Justice

The principle that no community should bea more environmental burdens or enjoy fewer environmental benefits than others

1850 Donation land law

• Stole 2.5 million acres of indigenous land

Medicine Creek Treaty (1854)

• Between the U.S. and 9 tribes including the Nisqually & Puyallup

• Forced tribes to cede 2.24 million acreas of land in exchange for a small cash payment, 3 small reservations.

• Each reservation was 1,200 acres

• The reserved right to hunt & fish in their usual & accustomed places

Seizure of land for Fort Lewis in (1916-1918)

Stole Nisqually land for military base

Fish Wars 1960’s-70’s

-WA placed restrictions of fishing in Nisqually River and the puget sound broke the medicine Creek Treaty that is the surpreme law of the land above state law.

-Billy Frank Jr. main protestor

-Led to many Native tribes protesting and being arrested by police

Boldt Decision 1974

WA vs Federal gov

-reinforced the treaty of Medicine Creek

-Article 6 of constitution treaties are surpreme law of land and must be enfrorced by every state

-Native tribes get 50% of all salmon

Reserved Right

A right that is inherent and never given up and treaty affirmed these rights not given to them

Semelpartity

One reproduction before death

Anadromy

ability go from seawater to fresh water

Homing

When they go back to where they to where their born

Straying

When they end up in a different watershed this increases genetic diversity

Habitat RRENO

Riparian, River channel, estuary, ocean/nearshore

Hydropower

ex:La Grande Dam

damns- impacts all stages except ocean adults

Hatchery

control over amount of eggs, influences eggs

Harvest

decreases spawning adults, effects only ocean

Minimal

• intact

• ex: Colville River estuary

Degraded

• Gradual or slow acting changes

• Inuvik river estuary (Canada)

Damaged

• More acute/obvious change. still have natural elements but not well

• ex) Nisqually River estuary

Destroyed

• Complete removal or loss of major ecosystem

• ex: Skagit river estuary

Transformed

ex: Puyallup river estuary (Port of Tacoma)

Habitat Impact/ mnemonic

Mnemonic: My Dad Didn’t Do That

Minimal, Degraded, Damaged, Destroyed and Transformed

SPONCH (Biological important elements)

Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

What are the 4 kinds of claims?

Fact, Definition, Judgment, Policy

Fact claim

descriptive claims that can be verified indepenednetly of the arguers

Definition Calim

Calims about how to establish categories deinfition claims set boundaries standard or criteria around terms/ideas

Judgement

Evaluation or sorting according tos ome standards criteria or definition

Policy

Call to action, about decidios aand actions regarding what we outght to do

VBA stands for

Values, Beliefs and attitudes

What are the 3 ethical flavors?

Utililatarian, Deontological, Naturalistic

What are the ethical extensions?

Antropocentric, Sentientism, Biocentrism, Ecocentrism

What is a spatial subsidy (in terms of landscape ecology)? 

• A donor-mediated resource which is passed from one habitat to a second habitat. As a result the productivity of the recipient is increased.

• ex) salmon bringing nutrients

Describe the nitrogen cycle.  What are significant sources and sinks?  

Sources: Fertilizers, Atmospheric N

Sink: Soil nitrogen fixation

Provide a couple examples of data/studies that document "the ecology of dead salmon" 

Marine derived nutrients make it to all aspects of the ecosystem, even in Idaho, also marine nutrients found in bear coats

What does ESU stand for? and what does it mean

• Evolutionary Significant units

• Eligible for protection under the endangered species act, very distinct and specific species (Spring Chinook Salmon)

Hallmarks of Science

• Gathering knowledge to better understand the natural world

• Invokes natural causes as an explanation

• Testable by experimental and observation of the natural world

• Experiment can be replicated-quantitative

• Subject to change or revision as more evidence is gathered

Identify salmon restoration strategies and examples in the Nisqually and Puyallup

• engineered log jams

• Leeve Setbacks

• Dike Breaching

• Reconnecting side channels

• Riparian Replanting

• Reintroducing ecosystem engineers BEAVERS

• Removal of instream barriers to fish passage

• Invasive species eradication

Engineered logjams

create habitat complexity, increase pool frequency - South Prairie

Creek

Levee Setbacks

when the levee is moved further from the river, which increased the

floodplain

Dike Breaching

when the dike suddenly breaks and releases water, can cause a

dangerous flood

Recconecting side channels

restores critical habitat and natural river complexity, directly boosting the survival, growth, and recovery of salmon populations

Riparian replanting

adding native trees, shrubs, and deep-rooted vegetation along the banks of rivers and streams

Reintroducing ecosystem engineers

BEAVERS creating log jams more rive complexity

Invasive Species eradication

Removing invasive plants like Japanese knotweed or reed canary grass stops dense roots from choking riverbeds, exposing clean gravel that salmon need to lay eggs

What is the interaction betweens scientific information and policy

Policy uses our personal values and beliefs to make decisions regard scientific topics

Ethical flavors DUN

Deontological, Utililtarianism, Naturalistic

Ethical extension BASE

Biocentric, Anthropocentric, Sentiantism, Ecocentric

The 10 P’s

Prescription, Privatization, Place Designation, Payment, Permit, Penalty, Prerogatives, Power, Process

Prescription

What people can and can’t do

Privatization

Property rights

ex) fishing quota w/a cap that fishermen can trade

Place Designation

Portion of land put aside for a specific purpose

ex: Mt. Rainier National park set aside for conversation efforts

Payment

subsidies or tax benefits if a group of people follow the regulations

Penalty

Fine or criminal changes if the law in broken

Permit

Person or group given permission to do something

fishing licenses

Prerogative

Civilians duty to advocate for issues

Publicity

education and research to raise awareness on the issue

Power

The authority given to a group of people who didn’t have it before

Process

The changes in the process of creating policy

Apply different ethical flavors and extensions to an ethical dilemma.

Should we cut down trees to provide housing?

Endangered species act 1973 US willdlife and services

• focus on land species list and define species conservation status,

• Bio and science opinion against other branches of gov

• Department of justice goes after violators of ESA

• US citizen start process/petition gov to list species