BTEC National Health & Social Care: Unit 1 Human Lifespan Development

A comprehensive review deck of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Human Lifespan Development across physical, intellectual, genetic, and lifestyle factors.

The acronym P.I.E.S represents the four main areas of human growth and development: Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and __________ Development.

Social

Expected patterns of growth and development that most people achieve by a specific age are known as __________.

development norms

While growth refers to an increase in physical size that can be measured, development refers to the acquisition of __________, knowledge, and abilities throughout life.

skills

In healthy newborns, birth weight typically doubles by $5\text{–}6$ months of age and will have almost __________ by the end of their first year.

tripled

An infant's physical measurements are plotted on centile charts and recorded within their __________.

Personal Child Health Record (PCHR)

Large body movements involving the major muscles of the arms, legs, and torso are categorized as __________ motor skills.

gross

Precise actions using the small muscles of the hands, fingers, and wrists are categorized as __________ motor skills.

fine

The automatic response where a newborn turns their head toward a touch on the cheek to locate food is called the __________ reflex.

rooting

When a large proportion of a population is vaccinated against an infectious disease to prevent transmission to vulnerable, unvaccinated individuals, __________ is achieved.

herd immunity

The endocrine gland located in the brain that controls puberty by releasing hormones to stimulate the testes and ovaries is the __________ gland.

pituitary

Reproductive organs present at birth directly involved in reproduction are __________ sexual characteristics, whereas physical features that emerge during puberty such as breast development or a deepening voice are secondary sexual characteristics.

primary

The main male sex hormone responsible for sperm production, deepening of the voice, and muscle growth during puberty is __________.

testosterone

Physical fitness, speed, and muscle strength generally reach their peak in early adulthood between the ages of approximately __________ years.

$$19\text{–}28$$

The ability to make precise, skilful, and controlled movements using the hands and fingers is defined as __________.

manual dexterity

Menopause is officially reached when a woman has ceased having menstrual periods for __________ consecutive months.

$$12$$

A condition common in middle and late adulthood where bones lose density, become porous, and fracture easily is __________.

osteoporosis

A baby's brain is approximately $30\%$ of its adult size at birth, but expands to approximately __________ of its adult size by the age of $2$.

$$80\%$$

Around $4\text{–}12$ months of age, infants begin repeating consonant-vowel combinations such as 'da-da' or 'ba-ba', an intellectual milestone known as __________.

babbling

A child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view or belief that everyone sees things as they do is called __________.

egocentrism

Understanding that the quantity or amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its container shape or appearance is called __________.

conservation

Thinking that focuses on real, physical facts and objects that can be directly observed is concrete thinking, whereas thinking about ideas, possibilities, and hypothetical concepts is __________ thinking.

abstract

The neurological process where the brain eliminates unused or redundant synaptic connections to increase efficiency is called __________.

synaptic pruning

The insulating process where nerve fibres are coated with a fatty sheath to speed up electrical transmission across neurons is called __________.

myelination

The region of the brain responsible for long-term planning, decision-making, and risk assessment that finishes developing in the mid-to-late twenties is the __________.

pre-frontal cortex

The accumulation of knowledge, vocabulary, and skills acquired through life experience and education is known as __________ intelligence.

crystallised

Humans typically carry genetic material organized into a total of __________ chromosomes, arranged into $23$ pairs within cell nuclei.

$$46$$

An individual inherits an $XX$ chromosome combination from their biological parents to result in a __________ biological sex.

female

A condition directly caused by a mutated gene or abnormal chromosome structure is a genetic disorder, whereas an inherited vulnerability that increases the likelihood of developing a condition is a genetic __________.

predisposition

Cystic fibrosis is caused by an inherited autosomal recessive mutation of the __________ gene.

CFTR

In cystic fibrosis, thick mucus blocks the ducts of the __________, preventing essential digestive enzymes from reaching the small intestine.

pancreas

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by an inherited mutation in the __________ gene, leading to abnormal haemoglobin production.

HBB

In sickle cell anaemia, rigid crescent-shaped red blood cells block blood vessels and cause severe episodes of pain known as sickle cell __________.

crises

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition caused by a mutation in the __________ gene.

HTT

Because Huntington's disease follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, an affected parent has a __________ chance of passing the faulty gene to each child.

$$50\%$$

Cardiovascular disease commonly involves __________, a progressive process where fatty plaques accumulate inside arterial walls, causing narrowing and stiffness.

atherosclerosis

In Type 2 diabetes, blood glucose levels remain chronically elevated because body cells become resistant to the hormone __________.

insulin

Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes __________ and BRCA2 significantly increase an individual's genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers.

BRCA1

According to UK dietary guidelines illustrated by the Eatwell Guide, the average recommended daily energy intake for women is __________.

$$2,000\,\text{kcal}$$

According to the Eatwell Guide, the average recommended daily energy intake for adult men is __________.

$$2,500\,\text{kcal}$$

The NHS physical activity guidelines recommend that children and young people aged $5\text{–}18$ engage in at least __________ of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every day.

$$60\,\text{minutes}$$

For adults aged $19\text{–}64$, the NHS recommends completing at least __________ of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or $75\,\text{minutes}$ of vigorous activity.

$$150\,\text{minutes}$$

The UK Chief Medical Officers recommend that adults drink no more than __________ units of alcohol per week, spread over three or more days.

$$14$$

Consuming more than $8$ units of alcohol for men or more than $6$ units for women in a single sitting is defined as __________ drinking.

binge

For healthy adults, healthcare professionals recommend an average sleep duration of __________ hours per night to support cellular repair and psychological wellbeing.

$$7\text{–}9$$

Dental decay, also known as dental __________, occurs when bacteria in oral plaque metabolise dietary sugars to generate acid that demineralises tooth enamel.

caries

During early pregnancy, maternal supplementation of __________ is essential to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

folic acid