so many topics

Motivation

wants or needs that direct a behavior toward some goal.

Intrinsic motivation

internal motivation, self joy.

Intrinsic motivation

hobbies you do for fun

Extrinsic motivation

external motivation, reward or to avoid punishment.

Extrinsic motivation

studying to earn a grade.

Instinct theory

behavior is motivated by instincts, natural inherited behaviors.

Drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create needs.

Need

something body requires.

Need

water

Drive

an uncomfortable feeling caused by an unmet need.

Drive

thirst

Homeostasis

maintaining stable internal balance.

Homeostasis

body has enough water.

Optimum Level of Arousal theory

people are motivated to maintain an ideal level of alertness and stimulation.

Yorkes-Dodson Law

performance increases as arousal increases, but only to a certain point.

Yorkes-Dodson Law

optimum level of arousal theory.

Optimum Level of Arousal theory

graph upside down bell curve, optimal arousal is in the middle, maximum performance.

Yorkes-Dodson Law

easy tasks need higher arousal to improve performance.

Yorkes-Dodson Law

lower arousal for difficult tasks.

Marlows Hierarchy of Needs

people are motivated to satisfy needs in a particular order, lower level needs need to be satisfied before higher level needs.

Marlows Hierarchy of Needs

bottom: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization.

Physiological (MHN)

first level, food, water, sleep.

Safety (MHN)

second level, protection, security, stability.

Love and Belonging (MHN)

third level, friends, family, relationships.

Esteem (MHN)

fourth level, confidence, respect, achievement.

Self-actualization

fifth level, morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice.

Self-determination theory

competence, relatedness, autonomy.

Autonomy

having control over ur choices.

Competence

feeling capable and successful.

Relatedness

feeling connected to others.

Emotion

subjective feeling or mental state involving feelings. Combination of physical response, thoughts, and behaviors.

Subjective experience

personal feeling you experience.

Subjective experience

feeling afraid.

Emotional expression

how you display your emotion.

Emotional expression

crying or screaming.

Cognitive appraisal

how you interpret or evaluate a situation.

Cognitive appraisal

thinking a snake is dangerous.

Physiological response

physical changes in body.

Physiological response

sweating, increased heart rate.

James-Lange theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal.

James-Lange theory

stimulus -> physical reaction -> emotion.

James-Lange theory

you see a snake, heart starts racing, feel afraid.

Facial Feedback hypothesis

facial expressions can influence your emotional experience.

Facial Feedback hypothesis

smiling can make u feel happier, suppressing facial expressions can lower intensity of emotions (James Lange theory).

Cannon-Bard theory

physiological arousal and emotion experience happen simultaneously, neither one causes the other.

Cannon-Bard theory

stimulus -> physical reaction + emotion.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

emotions involve physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Stimulus -> physical arousal -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion.

Schachter and Singer study

men received injections if adrenaline, then placed with someone acting happy or angry. Men who weren’t told about side effects copied other persons mood.

Schachter and Singer study

physical arousal alone does not determine an emotion, how you interpret the situation also matters.

Cognitive Meditational theory (Appraisal Theory)

emotions are determined by how u evaluate or interpret a situation. Two people can interpret same situation differently and have different emotions

Cognitive Meditational theory (Appraisal Theory)

Richard Lazarus

Cognitive Meditational theory (Appraisal Theory)

your cognitive appraisal happens before your emotional response.

Cognitive Meditational theory (Appraisal Theory)

stimulus -> cognitive appraisal -> emotion and physical response.

Cognitive Meditational theory (Appraisal Theory)

professor asks u to lecture, one student sees as an opportunity and feels happy, other student feels uncomfy.

Seven Universal emotions

happiness, sadness, fright, surprise, disgust, contempt, anger.

Seven Universal emotions

according to Paul Ekman, there is evidence for seven universal emotions with distinct facial expressions.

Cultural Display Rules

culturally specific standards determine which emotional expressions are acceptable and how frequently they are displayed.

Personality

long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel and behave in specific ways.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud, focuses on how unconscious thoughts, childhood experiences, and internal conflicts shape personality.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Id, Ego, Superego.

Id

wants immediate pleasure and satisfaction, eating whatever u want whenever hungry.

Ego

rational part that balances the id and superego while considering reality, follows reality principle.

Superego

your conscious, tells u right and wrong, feeling guilty for doing something wrong.

Anxiety

results from ego being unable to balance the conflict between id and superego.

Defense mechanisms

unconscious protective behaviors used to reduce anxiety.

Displacement

redirecting emotions from the original source to a safer target.

Displacement

taking out on sibling when angry at teacher

Sublimation

turning unacceptable urges into socially acceptable activities

Sublimation

aggression into sports.

Projection

attributing own unwanted thoughts to someone else.

Projection

dislike someone but accuse them of disliking you.

Reaction formation

acting the opposite of how u actually feel.

Reaction formation

being mean to someone but acting overly nice to them.

Denial

refusing to accept reality

Regression

return to behavior from an earlier stage of development when stressed.

Psychosexual stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Oral

18 months, pleasure involves sucking and eating

Anal

18 to 36 months, toilet training and control.

Phallic

3-6 year, pleasure focuses on genitals.

Latency

6-puberty, sexual feelings are domant, focus on friends, school, hobbies.

Genital

puberty, mature sexual interests.

Learning approaches

focus on observable behavior and how learning and experience shape personality.

Behavioral perspective

personality is shaped by reinforcement and consequences.

Social Cognitive Perspective

reciprocal determinism

Reciprocal Determinism

how cognitive factors, situational factors, and behavior affect personality.

Social Cognitive Perspective

confidence affects if u join sport, joining changes ur environment, experiences affect confidence.

The Person-Situation debate

debate if personality traits stay consistent across different situations.

The Person-Situation debate

quiet in class outgoing with friends.

Humanistic Approaches

human capacity for reaching fullest potential.

Biological Approaches

personality differences partly explained by inherited traits and physical or biological processes.

Temparement

biological approaches, inborn tendencies in how someone reacts and behaves, reactivity and self regulation.

Reactivity

how strongly u respond to new or hard situations

Self regulation

ability to control ur reactions

Thomas and Chess’s Classifications

easy, difficult, slow to warm up.

Trait Perspectives

focus on personality traits or characteristic ways of behaving, people have same basic traits but differ how strongly they show each trait.

Trait Perspectives

OCEAN

Openness

open to new experiences

Conscientiousness

responsibility , self discipline, organized, dependable.

Extroversion

socially outgoing.