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NO2
HNO3/H2SO4
NH2
NO2 then H2/Ni or HCl/Zn
Alkyl chain
Cl-chain with AlCl3
Carboxylic acid (COOH)
Alkyl group or primary alcohol then KMnO4 with heat
Ketone R-C=O-R
Cl-ketone with AlCl3
Unrearranged alkyl chain
Ketone then Zn(Hg)/HCl
Aldehyde C=O-H
CO, HCl, AlCl3
Br
Br2/FeBr3
Cl
Cl2/AlCl3
SO3H
SO3./H2SO4
I
½ I2/HNO3
OH
H2O2/FSO3H
Strong activators
Oxygen or Nitrogen with lone pairs directly attached to benzene
Weak activators
Alkyl groups or other benzene
Weak deactivators
Halides
Strong deactivators
NO2, SO3H, C=O directly attached to benzene
Freidel-Crafts Acylation
Can’t occur on deactivated ring (SD group)