AP Human Geography UNIT 2 VOCAB QUIZ MAIN WORDS

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing how birth rates and death rates change as a country develops, leading to changes in population growth.

Stage 1 of the DTM

High birth rates + high death rates = little population growth. Population is generally low and unstable.

Stage 2 of the DTM

High birth rates + rapidly declining death rates = rapid population growth. Improvements in sanitation, medicine, and food supply lower death rates.

Stage 3 of the DTM

Declining birth rates + low death rates = slowing population growth. Urbanization, education, and increased access to contraception contribute to lower fertility.

Stage 4 of the DTM

Low birth rates + low death rates = little or no population growth. Population is relatively stable.

Stage 5 of the DTM

Very low birth rates + low death rates = population decline. The population may shrink and become increasingly elderly.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependent people (young and elderly) to the working-age population.

Arithmetic Density

The total population divided by total land area.

Physiological Density

The total population divided by the amount of arable land.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

A model showing how causes of death change as societies develop, generally shifting from infectious diseases toward chronic and degenerative diseases.

Carrying Capacity

The largest population an environment can sustainably support with its available resources.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A condition in which a population has little or no overall growth, because births and immigration roughly balance deaths and emigration.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The rate at which a population grows from births minus deaths, excluding migration.

Chain Migration

Migration in which people follow family members, friends, or others from their community who have already migrated.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country because of persecution, conflict, or serious threats and seeks safety elsewhere.

Forced Migration

Migration in which people are compelled to leave their homes because of conditions such as war, persecution, or disasters.

Push Factor

A condition that encourages or forces people to leave their place of origin.

Pull Factor

A condition that attracts people to a particular destination.

Guest Worker

A person who temporarily lives and works in another country, usually to fill jobs in the labor force.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement of people from rural areas to cities, often seeking jobs, education, and other opportunities.

Migration Motivated by Family/Community

Migration influenced by family or social connections, often because migrants follow relatives or members of their community who have already moved.

Pronatalist Policy

A government policy designed to encourage people to have more children, often to increase population growth.

Antinatalist Policy

A government policy designed to encourage people to have fewer children, usually to slow population growth.

Urbanization

The growth in the percentage of a population living in urban areas, often caused by rural-to-urban migration and economic development.

Birth Rate vs. Death Rate

Comparing birth and death rates helps determine population growth or decline. If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population naturally increases; if the death rate is higher, it naturally decreases.

Population Stability

A condition in which a population's size changes very little over time, generally because births and deaths are relatively balanced.

Aging Population

A population with an increasing proportion of elderly people, often resulting from low fertility and increased life expectancy.

Low Fertility Rates

A situation in which women have relatively few children on average, often associated with higher development, urbanization, education, and access to contraception.

High Birth Rates

A situation in which a population has many births per 1,000 people, commonly associated with earlier stages of the DTM.

Declining Death Rates

A decrease in the number of deaths per 1,000 people, often caused by improvements in healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, and living conditions.

Population Pressure

Pressure created when a population grows faster than the resources or environment can adequately support it.

Arable Land

Land that is suitable for growing crops.

Working-Age Population

The portion of the population generally considered capable of working, commonly ages 15-64 in demographic analysis.

Development and Disease Patterns

As countries develop, their major causes of death tend to shift from infectious diseases toward chronic and degenerative diseases, represented by the ETM.