Psychopathology - Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

Comprehensive question and answer flashcards covering psychiatric psychopathology, including behavioral psychomotor abnormalities, mood disorders, thought disorders, perceptual distortions, and cognitive assessments.

How is psychopathology defined in psychiatric nursing?

It is the scientific study of the deviations and abnormalities in thought, perception, mood, and behavior, including their signs and symptoms, etiology, and pathogenesis.

What is stereotypy in behavioral psychomotor disorders?

Aimless repetitive movements.

What does echopraxia refer to?

The imitation of the movements of others.

How is echolalia defined?

An imitation of the words that the patient hears.

What is catalepsy?

Maintaining patients' positions for a long time.

What is waxy flexibility?

A condition where the patient remains in the desired format or posture positioned by an examiner.

How is negativism defined in psychomotor behavior?

Unmotivated resistance to movement or command.

What are the clinical characteristics of stupor?

Significant slowness of motor activity, immobility, and an apparent lack of awareness of one's surroundings.

What is mannerism in behavioral psychomotor disorders?

A type of stereotypical disorder manifested in the form of special gestures, emoticons, and special walking or gait.

What are tics, and what commonly arouses them?

Spasmodic movements of the face, neck, and upper limbs that are often aroused by anxiety.

What is silly behavior, and in which mental disorder is it most common?

Stupid, childish, light smiles that are more common in schizophrenics.

How is aggression characterized, and in which conditions is it evident?

Purposeful and forceful actions that may be verbal or physical; it is evident in antisocial characters and in schizophrenia.

How does a patient present during over activity?

The patient is always moving, talking, singing, or joking, and seems to possess slippery energy.

How is under activity described in motor behavior?

The patient is slow at the beginning and then continues slowly.

What is euphoria?

A positive feeling of being physically and mentally fit, characterized by exaggerated happiness that does not match reality.

How is elation defined as a mood disorder?

An intensified form of happiness where, in addition to the characteristics of happiness, a person has deep self-confidence.

What is exaltation?

A state of euphoria accompanied by a feeling of greatness.

How is ecstasy defined?

The culmination of pleasant emotions.

What is dysphoria?

A low mood disorder in which a person, with no particular motive, suddenly hates any intervention from others.

How is tension defined within anxiety states?

Anxiety accompanied by muscle tension, during which muscle tone increases.

What is panic?

An anxiety that occurs suddenly and leads to a motor-behavior disorder.

What is traumatic anxiety (PTSD)?

Post-traumatic stress disorder occurring in survivors of horrific and unexpected events such as natural disasters, bombings, accidents, and rape.

What is inadequate affect (blunted or flat emotion)?

An emotional state characterized by insensitivity to what naturally makes a person feel pleasure or pain.

What defines inappropriate affect?

A heterogeneity between the emotional reaction and the emotional expression.

What is ambivalence?

Holding seemingly contradictory beliefs or feelings about the same person, event, or situation.

What is dereistic thinking?

A thought form disorder where the patient disconnects from external reality and prefers her imagination.

What is concrete thinking?

A type of thinking that functions purely as literal words and meanings.

How is magical thinking defined?

A type of thinking in which thoughts, words, or actions are assumed to have power.

What is intellectualization or philosophizing?

A desire for fruitless discussions consisting of arguments in which the number of words is very large, but the meaning is very small.

What is retardation in thought flow?

A state where the flow of thought is slow and difficult; the patient speaks very slowly and takes a long time to express the subject.

What is circumstantiality?

A thought flow disorder where the patient's speech proceeds with unnecessary details, but the person finally reaches the goal of his speech.

What is flight of ideas?

Fast and superficial thinking characterized by rapid and sudden deviations in thoughts.

What is word salad?

An intensified state of irrelevant speech where no meaning is understood from the patient's speech flow and the words have nothing to do with each other.

What is clang association?

A thought disorder where the patient brings up words that are similar in sound (e.g., 'He rained the train brain strain gain the crane').

What is thought blocking?

A state in which the train of thought is suddenly interrupted and a new current is found that is completely unrelated to the flow of the first thought.

What is perseveration?

Giving a definite answer repeatedly to various different questions.

What is verbigeration?

The stereotyped repetition of words or phrases that may or may not have meaning to the listener (e.g., 'I want to go home, go home, go home, go home').

What is a neologism?

A disorder where the patient invents new words or assigns new meanings to real and common words.

How is an overvalued idea defined?

An idea that, because of its emotional nature, takes precedence over all other thoughts of the person, which may or may not be true.

What are the two categories of thought ownership disorders?

1. Obsessive thoughts; 2. Alienation or transmission (insertion) of thoughts.

What is a delusion?

A false and unchangeable belief arising from internal processes that cannot be corrected by logic and reasoning, is not in harmony with cultural and educational context, and occurs with impaired reality.

What are ideas of self reference?

A condition where the patient thinks that the actions of the people seen around him are related to him.

What is a delusion of influence?

A belief that the patient's body, thoughts, and feelings are controlled by external sources.

What is a delusion of encirclements?

The patient's belief that he has been influenced by magic.

What characterizes a delusion of invention?

The belief that the patient has made a great discovery, commonly featuring the idea of saving the world and humanity.

What is a nihilistic delusion?

A delusion where the patient denies the existence of himself and others, claiming that the earth is gone and time has stopped moving.

What is a hypochondriac delusion?

The belief that the patient has a deadly disease and that all or part of his body is rotten, typically seen in psychotic depression.

What is an imperative auditory hallucination?

The most dangerous type of auditory hallucination where the patient hears commanding voices that they may obey.

When do hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations occur?

Hypnagogic images are experienced during the 'twilight' stages of falling asleep, whereas hypnopompic hallucinations occur upon waking up.

What does insight refer to in a psychiatric examination?

The patient's level of awareness and understanding of his or her illness.