ko phai playground: 16/10/2026.

Humanities attracting a ____ female / student ____ , whereas the ____ were heavily ____.

1. predominantly female; student body = student population.
   the sciences; male-dominated

2. humanities >< social sciences
   Distinction: Humanities ≠ Social sciences.
   Humanities: Explore human ideas, values, and cultural expression.
   e.g. history, literature, linguistics, art history… (ngành khoa học nhân văn.)
   Social sciences: Study human behaviour and society using systematic methods, e.g. economics, sociology, and political science.

While most departments displayed notable linguistic and geographic ____, the English and history departments were ____ exceptions in these _____.

1. diversity
   linguistic diversity → more people whose first language is not English.

   geographical diversity → more people whose motherland is not Australia.

2. conspicuous
   regards.

BODY 1:

Focusing first on gender distribution:

English, modern languages, and history stood out with a female ____, boasting female student ____ of 67%, 63%, and 58%, respectively.

In contrast:

The smallest female cohort was seen in the department of chemistry, where only 29% of students were female. Physics and maths were also heavily _____, with female _____ standing at only 37% and 42%, in that order.

1. majority.
   the majority of students were female → a female majority.

2. percentages.
   the percentages of female students = … → female student percentages = …

3. male-skewed; representation.

Turning to language background and place of birth:

Modern languages, physics, maths, and chemistry exhibited ___ diversity, with ___ ranging from 32% to 41% for students not speaking English as first language and 43% to 54% for students born overseas. → not important → grouped.

The English and history departments presented a significantly less diverse demographic ___:

de o nuoc ngoai.

1. marked

2. figures.

3. demographic profile

4. overseas-born → Australian-born…

The most common uses of volume are these 6 patterns:

Collocation	Meaning	Example
volume of imports/exports	Lượng hàng nhập khẩu/xuất khẩu	Import volumes rose in 2025.
sales volume	Lượng hàng bán ra	Sales volume increased significantly.
trading volume	Khối lượng giao dịch	Trading volume fell sharply.
volume of traffic	Lưu lượng giao thông/truy cập	The website attracts a high volume of traffic.
volume of work/data	Khối lượng công việc/dữ liệu	We process a large volume of data.
turn up/down the volume	Tăng/giảm âm lượng	Could you turn down the volume?

The data also reveals a clear 1. ____ for coffee imports across most examined countries, leaving aside the UK, which is a 2. ____(tea) market. 

• A substantial 80,000 tons of tea imports: emphasizes the large quantity of 80,000 tons. Here, substantial modifies the amount.

• Substantial tea imports of 80,000 tons: emphasizes the scale of tea imports, with of 80,000 tons specifying the quantity.

1. preference

2. tea-heavy

1. US ___ pepper imports from Vietnam, ____ purchases from ____.

2. Vietnam’s ____ amounted to 44,100 tons during the period, with value rising by 21% to US$331 million

3. In volume ____, Vietnam accounted for 80.4% of the U.S. imports of 54,900 tons, up from 69% a year ago.

4. businesses need to explore new processing methods to ____ value to their products while ensuring food safety, ____, and quality

1. hikes; slashes; elsewhere

2. shipments
   Exports refers to goods sold abroad; Shipments emphasizes the goods sent or delivered.

3. in terms of volume → in volume terms.

4. add; traceability = khả năng truy xuất nguồn gốc, theo dõi lịch sử và hành trình của một sản phẩm.

1. Vietnam imported a total of 168,033 completely ___ vehicles worth more than $3.9 billion, increases of 22% in volume and 29.5% in value from a year earlier.

2. Indonesia led __ volume with 70,366 vehicles worth $1.011 billion

3. Vietnam imported 44,335 completely built-up vehicles from China in 2026, up 45.9% in volume and 58.8% in value year on year. → was already ___ to more than 92% of the total for all of 2025.

4. The car import volume from China outstripped that from Thailand ___ the two countries supplying …

5. Vehicles imported from China ___ a broad range of categories and price ____, from ___ models to higher-priced SUVs and to ___ specialized vehicles used for construction and other purposes.

   
   

1. completely built-up

2. by = nhấn mạnh tiêu chí dùng để xếp hạng

3. equivalent.

4. despite

5. span; segments; mass-market; higher-priced; higher-value.

1. Domestic production maintains a ____ lead.

2. For automakers, competition is ____ across pricing, production ___, localization rates and the ability to respond quickly to market demand.

3. The automaker expanded its electric vehicle ____.
   → Hãng xe mở rộng danh mục các dòng xe điện của mình.

4. With import value exceeding export value, Vietnam's cashew industry continued to ___ a trade deficit as demand for processing materials remained strong while domestic supply continued to fall short of the country's processing capacity.

   
   

1. substantial

2. playing out.
   production volumes = sản lượng

3. post

1. An import = một món hàng được nhập từ nước ngoài.
   Imports = nhiều món hàng nhập khẩu, hoặc nói chung về lượng hàng nhập khẩu.
   e.g.
   Tea is an important import.
   Tea imports increased.

2. More consumers are ____ to the “clean caffeine” movement to achieve a more balanced and long-lasting form of energy.

3. Younger consumers view tea as lifestyle ___ instead of just refreshments, accelerating demand for tea beverages with ____ benefits such as stress relief, gut health support, and natural energy ____.

2. subscribing

3. statements; functional; enhancers.

1. Ministry proposes teacher salary reform to improve ____.

2. Vietnam faces a critical shortage of teachers from preschool to high school, with over 102,000 ____ threatening education reform progress.

3. Vietnam is ____ by 102,097 teachers

4. Many ____ still face teacher shortages because student numbers are increasing while ___ levels must comply with ____ regulations.

5. graduates in these fields often choose higher-paying jobs ____.

6. There is a huge salary disparity between newly ___ teachers and ____ teachers.

1. retention

2. vacancies

3. short

4. localities = các địa phương, tức các khu vực hành chính như tỉnh, thành phố hoặc huyện.

   staffing levels
   downsizing

5. elsewhere.

6. newly entered
   long-serving.

1. The lowest salary level of of kindergarten teachers is about VND6.6 million, primary teacher about VND7.3 million, and secondary as well as high school teachers about VND7.1 million. The highest salary levels, ____, are VND20,6 million, VND25 million, and VND30 million.

2. Income not ensuring sufficient ____ is also one of the causes leading to the increasing trend of teacher ____ in recent years

3. When one district has ___ teachers while another lacks them, transferring ____ becomes impossible due to jurisdictional limitations.

1. respectively.

2. living; resignations.

3. surplus
   personnel (n): nhân sự, đội ngũ nhân viên.
   Jurisdiction (n): thẩm quyền pháp lý hoặc phạm vi quản lý của một cơ quan hành chính.

female enrolment ____ less than ____ of male enrolment, with approximately 1,000 female students compared to 2,200 male students, ____ 3,200 enrolments

constituted; half; totalling.

The media turned the victims' suffering into a public spectacle, and did not drive viewers to confront their _____.

_____ images of war circulate widely on social media, yet repeated exposure can produce ____ fatigue rather than sustained engagement

spectacle; complicity = sự đồng loã, sự tiếp tay hoặc góp phần vào điều sai trái.

disturbing; compassion fatigue → exhaustion that reduces a person's ability or willingness to feel sympathy for others' suffering.

1. N.W.A's "F*ck tha Police" exposed the frustrations rooted in the ____ experiences of Black Americans, especially police ___ and racial _____.

2. Their literal voices are frequently suppressed, dismissed, or spoken over.

3. Through ____ lyrics, storytelling and rhythmic ____, artists transform individual frustrations into narratives of collective struggle.

4. be _____ in mainstream media.

1. brutality; racial profiling → authorities or private security treat someone as a suspect / threat just because of their race, skin color, ethnicity, religion, or national origin, rather than actual evidence or behavior.

3. forceful; expression.

4. underrepresented.

1. Deep suffering and marginalization often _____ literal vocabulary.

2. Artistic ____ such as ____, rhythm, imagery, and metaphor allow people to communicate these experiences in emotionally powerful ways.

3. Art gives ___ to suffering.

4. Art allows individuals to _____ private anguish, making deeply personal experiences visible and _____ to others.

5. Art tears away the veil of abstraction behind which injustice might be tolerated.

1. defy.

2. devices; symbolism. /ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm/

3. form

4. externalise; intelligibile.

5. veil = tấm màn che mặt / che phủ cái gì đó. /veɪl/

e.g. My Lai massacre: photographs documenting the mass ____ of Vietnamese ____ exposed the brutality of American military operations.

→ confront the public with the human cost of war + intensify the anti-war _____.

killing; civilians.

anti-war sentiment = tâm lý quản đối chiến tranh.
e.g. The film sparked a ____ of anti-war sentiment. (a wave of)

• Public sentiment = dư luận, thái độ chung của công chúng.

1. Equal access to education is widely recognised as a basic right, yet for many learners with disabilities, this ____ remains difficult to ____ in practice.

2. Blind and deaf students continue to face ____ to meaningful _____: struggle to participate fully in ____ classrooms due to a lack of learning materials catered to their needs.

1. principle; realise.

2. substantial barriers; participation.

3. mainstream classroom = các lớp học chính quy.

For blind and visually impaired students:

printed textbooks, diagrams, examination papers, and digital platforms >< specialized ____ such as ____ textbooks or audio _____.

mediums

Braille textbook /breɪl/: sách giáo khoa chữ nổi.

audio materials.

1. For deaf and _____ students: face a different obstacle when _____ instruction ____ most classrooms.

→ professional ____ interpreters

1. hard-of-hearing

2. spoken; dominates.

3. sign-language interpreter /ɪnˈtɜːprətə(r)/

1. Parents feel reluctant to ____ their children in _____ schools, where assistance remains limited.

2. physically present >< excluded (e.g. classroom interaction, collaborative learning, spontaneous communication)

1. enroll; mainstream.

a combination of institutional, technological, and professional measures:

1. inclusive laws and legislations: ____ learning materials in accessibile formats (e.g. Braille, audio materials, ___ and ____ videos).

1. core.
   signed and captioned videos: có ngôn ngữ ký hiệu và phụ đề.

2. Teachers' training programs should include ____ in inclusive ____ , where: adapt classsroom activities + instructional methods to students with special needs.

3. ____ educational participation.

4. systematic changes: financial resources + cooperation > simply place students in mainstream school.

   
   

2. modules /ˈmɒdʒ.uːl/
   pedagogy.

3. expand.

In today's interconnected world, cultural traditions once confined to particular communities are increasingly being adopted by people far beyond their places of origin.

1. cross-cultural exchange promotes tolerance by normalizing cultural differences through greater ____ communication

2. _____ sacred or historically significant traditions by reducing them to superficial trends.
   diminish their meaning.

3. promote ____ cultures

1. intercultural.

2. trivialise

3. lesser-known.

cultural _____: respectful >< carelesss.

the absence of financial exploitation does not guarantee respectful cultural ____.

1. borrowing

2. engagement.

Treating all Asians as naturally good at maths is a cultural _____.

Intercultural communication can reduce ____ and normalize diversity, provided that ____ is based on genuine interest rather than caricature.

Prevent sterotype from ____

caricature → distorted, exaggerated, or overly simplified representation.

social distance; participation.

taking root.

cultural ballast
Art acts as an indispensable social equilibrium by functioning as a cultural ballast, balancing collective psychological tension, and bridging fragmented social divisions.

Viewing cultures that emphasise respect for elders and obedience to parents as backward or excessively ____.

restrictive.

1. He channelled his frustration into painting, using art as a form of ____.

2. We need a little bit more of simple, effective muscle building tips. And he's been giving them ad ____ for the last year.

3. By increasing our emotional ____ and understanding the nuances of different emotions, we can better articulate our feelings and experiences to others.

4. Nick Út captured the raw, ____ scene of Phúc and other terrified children fleeing the strike.

1. sublimation:

Psychology: Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities, such as channelling aggression into sport.

Chemistry: The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming liquid.

2. ad nauseam

3. vocabulary.

4. harrowing

1. Flanders, once an agricultural _____, enjoyed an economic boom spurred by growth in light industry, services, commerce, and trade.

2. Prime Minister Deva refused to say Viva Belgic or long live Belgium. This was not an accidental _____ because as a Flemish nationalist, Dva doesn't really think Belgium should exist.
   → Forgetting a person's name or calling a new partner by an ex's name.
   → Wearing casual sneakers or white clothing to a formal wedding.
   → Asking someone about their salary or personal finances during a first meeting.

1. backwater = isolated and underdeveloped, with little economic or cultural progress. → vùng lạc hậu, kém phát triển

2. faux pas → French for "false step" or "misstep".
   plural is also spelled faux pas (the final -s is silent).

1. Chinese brand accused of ____ Vietnam’s ‘ao dai’ in old fashion collection

2. The online outrage went even further when Vietnamese fashion designer Thuy Nguyen ____ to Facebook on Thursday

3. The company has also registered NE Tiger as an international ____ in both Chinese and English versions

1. appropriating.

2. took

3. trademark → a name, logo, or symbol legally registered to identify a company's products and distinguish them from competitors'.

   
   

A 23-year-old tourist narrowly escaped serious injury after falling down a mountainside estimated to be about 300 meters ____ while visiting Vietnam’s northernmost landmark in Lung Cu Commune, Tuyen Quang Province

mountainside = cạnh dốc của một ngọn núi

deep.

1. Commercial exploitation is only one form of ___ , so profit is an ____ standard by which to judge cultural engagement.

2. Wearing sacred _____ as a costume may generate no income, yet it can still ____ its symbolic ____.

3. _____ borrowing can indeed increase the visibility of lesser-known cultures, but only when adopters …, and respect the cultural _____ surrounding its use.

4. Cultural engagement should instead be guided by knowledge, context, and ____.

1. misuse; insufficient.

2. clothing; trivialize;value

3. non-commericial; bounderies.

4. sensitivity

repeated interactions driven by curiosity and mututal respect → gain ___ into the beliefs, values and experiences that shape other people's behaviour.

→ challenge ____: unfamiliar customs are not necessarily irrational or inferior >< different cultural backgrounds and perspectives.

→ less ____ to judge others according to their own cultural ____ and more willing to respect practices they do not _____ _____.

Such ____ → coexist peacefully.

insight

stereotype = preconceived assumptions that people make about other cultures based on limited knowledge

inclined; standards; personally share.

openness.

Lighthearted cultural and national stereotypes often turn everyday habits or quirks into harmless jokes.

❌ When people adopt a culture for its outward appearance...

traditional japanese kimono

demonstrate an engagement.

without proper understanding of cultural ___ → meaningful ____ = fashion ____.

a culture = một nền văn hoá → cultural practices.

context; garment / attire; commodity.

outward appearance → superficial consumption → reduce a garment with … to a decorative accessory → superficial borrowing → trivialized and misrepresented.

genuine appreciation → cultural meaning

cultural practices → cultural heritage / symbol. (traditional japanese kimono… → garment)

trivialise a cultural symbol → stripping a meaningful heritage emblem of its sacred, historical, or traditional context and reducing it to a shallow trend, novelty item, or mere aesthetic choice. → undermine its significance

misrepresent → distort its meaning → portray inaccurately.

• Symbol: emphasizes meaning. Something represents an idea, identity, belief, or value.

• Emblem: emphasizes representation and recognition. Something serves as a recognizable symbol of a group, place, or institution.

Cultural symbol	Cultural emblem
Broad concept	More specific, often representative
Focuses on what something means	Focuses on what something stands for
Can be subtle, abstract, or personal	Often recognizable and associated with a collective identity
Example: White clothing symbolizing mourning in some cultures	Example: The kimono as an emblem of Japanese cultural identity

sacred or historically significant elements are ____ from their original meaning and reduced to superficial fashions

Such elements may ____ religious belief, communal identity, historical struggle, or social status

E.g. American ceremonial headdresses (spiritual and cultural significance within Indigenous communities → eye-catching accessories)

Treating such symbols as aesthetic _____ removes them from the context that gives them meaning.

Cultural exchange should ____ involve not simply adopting cultural elements, but understanding and respecting their significance.

detached

embody.

headdresses

props

therefore.