Adult Development Test 2

Competence

Theoretical uper limit of a person’s ability to function

Environmental Press

Demands put on a person by their environment

Adaptation Level

The point at which competence and environmental press are in balance

5 quantifiers of compentence

Physical health, sensory/perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, ego-strength

Zone of Maximum Performance

The area where increases in press tend to improve performance

Zone of Maximum Comfort

Area where slight increases in environmental press occur

Proactivity

When people choose new behaviors to meet new desires or needs and exert some control over their lives

Docility

When people allow their situation to dictate the options they have and exert little control over their own decisions/behaviors

Preventive and Corrective Proactivity Model

Explains how life stressors and lack of good congruence in person, envrionment, interactions, results in poor outcomes

Preventative Adaptons

Actions that avoid stressors and increase to build social recourses

Corrective Adaptations

Actions taken in response to stressors that can be faciliated by either internal or external recourses

External recourses

Includes financial resources or available social support

Internal Recourses

Disposition of a person/organization

Cumulative Stressors

Build up of smaller, unresolved pressure that overwhelm body and mind

(Financial strain, poor sleep, work demand)

Recent Stressor

Things like diagnosis of chronic, loss of loves ones, lack of environment fit

Aging in Place

Reflect a balance between environmental press and competence through selection and compensation

Adult Day Care

Provides support for older adults such as transportation, meals

Congregate Housing

Housing options for older adults that provide a suportive living arrangement for people who need assitance with personal care but not so impaired physically or cognitivley

Ideal Living Situations for congregate housing

Physical environmental is designed to be like a single family home with emphasis on control choice, dignity and autonomy

Demographics of people in congregate housing

1 million people, 70% female, $5,400-5,900/month

Intensive skilled nursing care

24h care by registered nurses

Skilled nursing and Rehabilitation Care

24h care under supervision of physician

Intermediate Care

Less intense level of need but long term; people who have serious concerns (COPD)

Custodial Care

Care for younger adults that suffered TBI or some sort of developmental delay that make it impossible for them to live independently

Average Nursing Home Resident

• female

• over 85

• european american

• recently discharged from medical care

• cognitively impaired

• probably widowed

• Does not have family close

Quality of Life in Nursing Homes

What enrichment options there are for residents

Special Care Units in Nursing Homes

Designed to care for older adults with appropriate techniques

Appropriate techniques for special care units

• Management for aggregated behavior

• Health and hygiene

• deal with incontinence

• Handling sexuality

• controlling wandering

• Supervising eating

• financial forms

LEARN model of communication

• listen

• explain

• acknowledge

• recommend

• negotiate

Patient Self-Determination Act

Inform patients of their right to make medical decisions and creare directives

Information Processing Model

Study of how people take in stimuli from their environment and transform stimuli into memories

3 Assumptions of the Information processing model

• People are active participants in memory processes

• Assumed both quantitative and qualitative performance can be measured

• Information is processed through a series of stes

Speed of Processing

How quickly and effeciently the early steps in processing are repeated

Processing Resources

The amount of attention one has to apply to a particular ituation

Inhibitory Loss

Phenomena that older adults have less processing resources because they have difficulty inhibitng the processing of irrelevant information

Attention Recourses

Divided attention, Brain training, Physical Exercise, Maintaining Hearing

Divided Attention

Ability to ay attention and successfully perform more than one task at a time

Targeted Brain Training

Use of nmnemonics for executive function

Automatic Processing

Mental processes that are fast, reliable and insensitive to increased cognitive demands

Effortful Processing

Kind of processing that requires all the available attentional capacity when proccessing information

As get older we overstimate depth of understanding of ____

controversial issues

Encoding

Process of getting information into memory system

As we age, what happens to encoding

Weaker processing, less reliable memory

Storage

The manner by which information is rpresented and kept in memory

Storage preservation

Long-term memory is well preserved

Retrieval

Process of getting information back out of memory

• becomes more difficult as we age

Working Memory

Processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information

Rehersal

Process by which we hold informtion in working memory

When does working memory peak/decline

Peaks: 20-35; Declines: 40

Implicit Memory

Memory for procedures (playing piano or making a sandwich)

tends to stay strong

Episodic/Explicit memory

Memory for the things we can declare

Mildly declines

Semantic Memory

Learning and remerging the meaning of words/concepts

Episodic Memory as we age

Details are blurred, memory for events become protected

Aging in Encoding

Decrease in the degree the strategies are used rather than a decrease in ability to use stratgies

Retrieval

Older adults tend to spontaneously use fewer strategies because brain is not utilizing stratgies

Prospective Memory

The process of involving memory to remember something in the future

Autobiographical Memory

Remembering information in events in your own life

Flashbulb Memory

Memories for personally traumatic/unexpected events

Misinformation in Older Adults

Adults are more likely to share political, and health misinformation online

Source Memory

Ability to remember source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event was made up or real

Source-Amnesia Paradox

The dynamic where older adults are skeptical of false headlines but can forget where they learn/gain such info

False Memory

When one remembers items or events that did not occur

Cognitive Reserve

Any factors that provide flexibility in responding and adapting to changes in the environment

Linguistic Importance

Robust socialization and continuous mental stabilzation

Multidimensional Intelligence

Notion that intelligence consists of many dimensions

Multi directionality

distinc patterns of change in abilities over the lifespan with these patterns for being different abilities

Plasticity

Refers to the range of functioning in an individual and the conditions under which a person’s abilities can be modified within a specific age range

Interindividual Vartiability

An acknowledgment that adults differ in the direction of an intellectual development

Mechanics of Intellegence

Aspects of intelligence coercing the neurophysiological architecture of the mind

Pragmatic Intelligence

The component of intelligence that concerned acquired bodies of knowledge available from and embedded within culture

Duel-Intellectual Functioning

Cognitive Mechanics + Cognitive Pragmatics

Cognitive Mechanics

Hardware of intellectual capacities, neurophysical architecture of the brain

Cognitive Pragmatics

The software of intellectual capacities, culture based knowledge and motivation to grow

Measurement of Intelligence

Standardized intellegence globally

Primary Mental Abilities

Independent abilities within this concept of intelligence that we’ve been able to identify by looking at the results of various standardized intelligence tests

5 mental abiltiies

Number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, special orientation

Number (mental ability)

Ability to conduct basic mathematics

Word Fluency (mental ability)

Our ability to generate words or categories of words when communicating/processing information

Verbal Meaning (mental ability)

Our understanding of both words and concepts

Inductive Reasoning (mental ability)

cognitive ability to identify rules and patterns

Special Orientation (mental process)

Our ability to mentally visualize and manipulate shapes and objects

Secondary Mental Abilities

Broad ranging skills often made up of several primary abilities

Secondary Mental Abilities

Fluid and crystalized Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence

Refers to any abiltiies that make one a flexible and understand the relationship among concepts

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a aprticular culture

Piaget’s Theory

Formed from assimilation and accommodation

Assimilation

Using available knowledge to make sense of new information

Acommodation

Modifying existing mental category because new information doesn’t fit old ways of thinking

Cognitive Refraction

Severe age-related cognitve decline

Post-formal Thought

Recognition that truth varies across situations, ambiguity, and contradiction are the rules rather than expectation and emotion and subjective factors do a role in thinking

Reflective Judgement

Thinking that involved how people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs, religion, science and the like

Decision Making

Older adults search for less information to arrive at a decision, require less thought to arrive at a decision, tend to avoid risk and tend to rely on easily accesable information

Problem Solving

A model of unexercised and optimally exercised abilities apposed by a reacher named Denny

Unexercisability

ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit without practice or learning

Optimally Exercised Ability

Ability of a normal healthy adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice

4 Key points to experitse

1. adults have a higher need to know why they should learn smth

2. adults enter into learning situation with no experience

3. Adults are more willing to learn those things they deem necessary

4. Most adults are more motivated to learn by internal factorsw

Key Advantages of Expertise

Adults tend to be skilled at intuitive and strategic problem solving

Cognitive Efficiency