403 Unit 3: CRR

Vasculature: 2-85

Introduction to Cardiovascular: 86-195

Renal/Urinary: 195-268

Artery Layers

1. Tunica Interna

2. Tunica Media

3. Tunica Externa

Artery Tunica Interna Components

Endothelium and an Elastic lamina

Artery Tunica Media Components

Smooth muscle (ANS) and an Elastic lamina

Artery Tunica Externa Components

Elastin and Collagen

Elastic vs. Muscular Arteries

Elastic: “Pressure reservoir” arteries where walls are about 10% of the vessel’s diameter

Muscular: “Vascular tone” arteries where walls are about 25% of the vessel diameter (thick muscular layer of tunica media)

Arterioles are _ vessels with a thick _

Resistance, Tunica media

Capillaries are _ vessels composed only of _

Exchange, A tunica interna with endothelium and a basement membrane

Capillary diameter is _ compared to the size of an erythrocyte

About the same

Vein Layers

1. Tunica Externa

2. Tunica Media

3. Tunica Interna

Vein Tunica Externa Components

Elastin and Collagen

Vein Tunica Media Components

Smooth Muscle

Vein Tunica Interna Components

Endothelium/basement membrane and Valves

3 methods of venous return

1. Muscle milking

2. Respiratory milking

3. Venae comitantes

3 Portal Systems and Venous/Arterial Classification

1. Hepatic - Venous (GI/liver)

2. Hypophyseal - Venous (hypothalamus/anterior pituitary)

3. Renal - Arterial (glomerulus/peritubular capillaries)

Which layer of a blood vessel is most affected by autonomic stimulus?

Tunica Media

Aorta “Parts”

1. Ascending Aorta

2. Arch of Aorta

3. Descending Aorta - Thoracic

4. Descending Aorta - Abdominal

The aorta bifurcates at _ into _

L4, Common iliac arteries which supply the abdominopelvic cavity and lower limb

The coronary arteries originate from _

The ascending aorta

The aortic arch is at _ spinal level

T4

The aortic arch splits into which four arteries?

1. Right common carotid artery (via brachiocephalic trunk)

2. Right subclavian artery (via brachiocephalic trunk)

3. Left common carotid artery

4. Left subclavian artery

1

Brachiocephalic Artery/Trunk

2

Right and Left Subclavian Arteries

3

Right and Left Common Carotid Arteries

The descending aorta spans from _ to _ spinal level

T5, T12

The visceral branches of the thoracic aorta supply _

The parietal branches of the thoracic aorta supply _

Thorax contents

Thoracic wall

The aortic hiatus is located _

At T12, within the diaphragm

Abdominal Aorta Anterior Visceral Branches (3)

1. Celiac Trunk

2. Superior Mesenteric Artery

3. Inferior Mesenteric Artery

The celiac trunk is located at _ spinal level and supplies _

T12, Foregut

The superior mesenteric artery is located at _ spinal level and supplies _

L1, Midgut

The inferior mesenteric artery is located at _ and supplies _

L3, Hindgut

Abdominal Aorta Lateral Visceral Branches (2)

1. Renal Arteries

2. Gonadal Arteries

The renal arteries are located at spinal level _ and supply _

L1, Kidneys

The gonadal arteries are located at _ spinal level and supply _

L2, Ovaries/testes

Abdominal Aorta Parietal Branches supply _

The diaphragm, lumbar wall, etc.

The brachiocephalic trunk predominantly supplies which areas of the body with blood?

Right head and neck, upper limb

1

Celiac Trunk

2

Gonadal Arteries

3

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

4

Renal Artery/Vein

5

Superior Mesenteric Artery

6

Common Iliac Vein and Artery

Carotid Sheath

Neck structure containing the Common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein, and Vagus nerve

Internal carotid artery supplies _

Cranial cavity/brain, Orbit, and Forehead

External carotid artery supplies _

Superior neck, Face, and Scalp

External Carotid Artery Branches (3)

1. Facial Artery (superficial face)

2. Maxillary Artery (deep face)

3. Superficial Temporal Artery (external cranium, scalp)

Internal Carotid Artery supplies which components of the Circle of Willis?

1. Anterior cerebral a.

2. Anterior communicating a.

3. Middle cerebral a.

4. Posterior communicating a.

Which areas external to the cranial cavity are supplied by the internal carotid aa.?

Orbit and Forhead

Branches of Common Iliac Artery

1. Internal Iliac Artery

2. External Iliac Artery

Internal iliac artery divisions and regions each one supplies

Anterior: Pelvic viscera, perineum, gluteal region

Posterior: Posterior pelvic wall, gluteal region

External Iliac Artery Pathway

1. Common Iliac Artery

2. External Iliac Artery

3. Femoral Artery

4. Popliteal Artery

5. Posterior Tibial Artery

The femoral artery appears at _ and supplies _

The inguinal ligament, Anterior/posterior thigh

The popliteal artery appears at _ and supplies _

Adductor hiatus (knee), Anterior leg/dorsal foot

The posterior tibial artery is located _ and supplies _

On the posterolateral leg, Plantar surface of foot

Femoral Triangle

Femoral Vein, Femoral Artery, Femoral Nerve

Which landmark indicates the transition of the external iliac a. to the femoral a.?

Inguinal Ligament

The axillary artery becomes brachial at _

Teres major m.

Upper Limb/Arm Blood Supply Pathway

Ascending Aorta → Subclavian Artery → Axillary Artery → Brachial Artery → Radial and Ulnar Arteries

The subclavian artery becomes axillary at _

Rib 1 (lateral margin)

Subclavian Artery 1st Part supplies _

Vertebral artery (brain) and Internal thoracic artery (thorax/abdominal walls)

The subclavian artery transitions from 1st-2nd and 2nd-3rd part based on which landmark?

Scalenus Anterior m.

The axillary artery transitions from 1st-2nd and 2nd-3rd part based on which landmark?

Pectoralis Minor m.

The brachial artery divides into radial/ulnar arteries at _

The cubital fossa

The radial artery becomes the _ in the hand

Deep palmar arch

The ulnar artery becomes the _ in the hand

Superficial palmar arch

Allen Test

A way of measuring if the radial and ulnar arteries have an anastomose based on whether blood can return to the hand upon occlusion of one of the arteries

If present, an anastomosis with which artery allows for safe cannulation of the radial artery?

Ulnar Artery

There is/are _ brachiocephalic arteries and _ brachiocephalic veins

1, 2

The superior vena cava is a union of _

Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins

The brachiocephalic veins combine _ and _ at a _

Internal Jugular Vein, Subclavian vein, Venous angle

Lymph returns to venous circulation at approximately _

The venous angles

The internal jugular vein drains _

Head and neck

The subclavian vein drains _

Upper limb, head, neck, and thorax

The cephalic vein drains into _

The axillary vein

The basilic vein drains into _

The axillary vein (and becomes it)

Vein used for venipuncture

Median Cubital Vein

The venous angle is the union of the subclavian v. with which other vein?

Internal Jugular Vein

IVC Tributaries

(Common) Iliac Veins, Lumbar Veins, Testicular/Gonadal Vein, Renal Veins, Suprarenal Veins, Hepatic Veins

“I Like To Rise So High”

Superficial Venous Return from Lower Limb

Small Saphenous Vein → Popliteal Vein (+ Great Saphenous Vein) → Femoral Vein → External Iliac Vein (+ Internal Iliac Vein) → Common Iliac Vein

Deep Venous Return from Lower Limb

Via venae comitantes

Which structures’ venous pathway includes the left renal vein?

Left gonad, inferior surface of diaphragm, kidney, and suprarenal gland

Left Renal Vein Tributaries (4)

1. Kidney (ipsilateral)

2. Hemi-diaphragm (ipsilateral)

3. Suprarenal Gland (ipsilateral)

4. Gonad (ipsilateral)

Hepatic Portal System Flow

Inferior Mesenteric Vein → Splenic Vein (+ Superior Mesenteric Vein) → Hepatic Portal Vein → Liver → Hepatic Veins→ IVC

Portal Hypertension

Increased portal pressure due to numerous etiologies, leading to esophageal, peri-umbilical, or anorectal submucosal varices

The hepatic portal system delivers material from which source tissues to the sinusoids of the liver?

GI Tract

Blood Broad Components (2) and Functions (3)

Components: Plasma and Formed Elements

Functions: Transportation, Regulation, Protection

Thoracic Cavity Boundaries - Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Lateral

Superior: First Ribs

Inferior: Diaphragm

Anterior: Sternum

Posterior: Vertebral Column

Lateral: Intercostal Spaces/Lateral Ribs

Thoracic Cavity Spaces

Pulmonary Cavities and Mediastinum

The pulmonary cavities contain _ and are lined by _

Lungs, Pleurae

The mediastinum contains _

Heart, viscera, great vessels/nerves

Mediastinal Parts

1. Superior

2. Anterior

3. Middle

4. Posterior

Blue Highlight

Superior Mediastinum

Green Highlight

Middle Mediastinum

Red Highlight

Posterior Mediastinum

Yellow Highlight

Anterior Mediastinum

The superior mediastinum spans _

T2-T4, ending at the thoracic plane

Thoracic Plane

T4/5 intervertebral disc to sternal angle

The anterior mediastinum spans _

T5-T9

The middle mediastinum spans _

T5-T8

The posterior mediastinum spans _

T5-T12