Bacteria/Archaea Exam 2

Deinococcus-Thermus

• Possible horizontal gene transfer from plants

• DNA isn’t getting distorted/mutate over time

• Extremophiles (found in hot water)

PVC Superphylum

• Chlaymdiae: cloak that has no peptidoglycan

• Very small, gram negative (small enough thought virus)

• Plantomycetes: floating fungi, has complex membrane

• Nucleus like compartmentalization

• Endocytosis like cell engulfment

Cyanobacteria

• Have chloroplasts inside them: use chlorophyll A

• Colonies have specialized cells; heterocyst (nitrogen fixing cell)

• Necessary for starting oxygen system/cycle

• Stromatolites —> biofilm

Actinobacteria

• High G/C counts (guanine/cytosine) —> gram positive

• Large group with great biodiversity

• Pathonogenic

• Fungal-like mycelia growth and spreads out as one cell

• Antibiotic production to defend their space

Firmicutes

• High A/T counts (adenine/thymine) —> most are gram positive

• Significant component of gut microbiome

• Some produce endospores (used to protect the genetic info) —> can be dormant for 1000 years

• Mycoplasmas: no peptidoglycan and very small genomes (minimum DNA to be considered cell)

Spirochetes

• Gram negative, very mobile

• Contain internal flagellae that can cause the cell to spin and move

• Lyme disease and syphilis

Proteobacteria

• Gram negative

• Largest phylum of bacteria (high diversity)

• Closest relative to eukaryotic mitochondria (derived from this bacteria)

• Nitrogen fixation —> make usable nitrogen for cycle

• Patterned multicellularity (congregation when hungry)

Euryarcheoata

• Most diverse metabolic diversity

• Many extreme “ophiles”

• Methanogens —> create methane gas

TACK

• Many are hyperthermophiles (extreme heat)

• Some are ammonia-oxidizing (nitrogen cycle)

• Transcription/Translation close to eukaryotes (histones, RNA polymerase)

DPANN

• Extremely small genomes

• Obligate symbiont/parasite to other cells

• DNA encodes for 500 proteins (no lipid, amino acid, nucleotides)

• Still does transcription/translation (ribosome —> still cell)

Asgard

• Same proteins as eukaryotes (Closest relatives to eukaryotes)

• Mostly anaerobic

• Discovered in thermal vents (fortress)

• Encode proteins that at least one is shared with eukaryotes