sensation and perception ap psych

Sensation

Detecting stimuli through sensory receptors

Perception

How we organize and interpret the sensory information

sensory receptors

Specialized cells that detect stimulation

Transduction

Converting stimulus energy into neural signals

Bottom up processing

Building perception from incoming sensory information

Top down processing

Interpreting information using your already gained expectations/knowledge/expierence

Selective attention

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimuli

Cocktail party effect

Focusing on one specific voice while still being wary for the background stimulus

Inattetntion blindness

Missing visible object because your attention is elsewhere

Change blindness

Failing to notice a change in the environment

Change deafness

Failing to notice a change in auditory stimulus

Choice blindness

Failing to notice the outcome is different from your original choice

Pop-out phenomenon

A distinctive stimulus that immediately attracts someone’s attention.

Prosopagnosia

Difficulty recognizing faces despite your brain process is working normally

Parallel processing

Processing multiple aspects of informations simultaneously

Serial processing

Processing information one at a time

Dual processing

Both your unconscious and conscious brain are processing

Sensory adaptation

Reduced sensitivity after constant exposure to the same stimuli

Psychophysics

The study of how the physical world affects our physiological perception

Absolute threshold

The lowest level of how eye catching a physical object needs to be to change anything(50%)

Signal detection theory

Explains how detecting a faint signal depends on multiple factors such at your expectations/motivations/alertness

Hit or miss or false alarm

Hit is correctly detecting the signal and miss isnt and false alarm is detecting a signal when none is present

Subliminal stimulus

A stimulus below the absolute threshold

Priming

Associating certain things that lead to a certain perception later on (suslly unconcious)

Difference threshold

Smaller difference between two stimuli (50%)

Webers law

A notible difference depends on how different the change is compared to what we started with not just the change itself

Wavelength

distance between to consecutive peaks

Frequency

Number a waves per second

Amplitude

Height of weight from its resting position

Intensity

Amount of energy

What does intensity affect?

Brightness or loudness

Hue

Perceived color determined by light wavelength

Cornea

Clear outer layering covering that protects the eye and bends light

Pupil

Opening through which light enters the eye

Iris

Colored muscle that controls pupil size

Lens

transparent structure that focuses light into the retina

Accommodation

Lens changing shape to focus on near or far objects

Retina

Light sensitive inner surface containing receptors and neurons

Rods

Receptors for dim light /peripheral and black and white vision

Cones

Receptors for color and fine detail working best in bright light

Fovea

Central retinal area with density packed cones and sharpest vision

Bipolar cells

Relays info from rods and cones to ganglion cells

Ganglion cells

Retinal neurons whose axon from ten optic nerve

Optic nerve

Aries visual info towards the brain

Blindspots

Area without receptors where the optic nerve exits the eye

Dark adaptation

Eyes adapting after entering the dark

Visual cortex

Occipital love aura that processes visual info

Feature detectors

Neurons respond to specific features such as edges/angles/movement

Blindsight

Responding to visual info even thought u can’t consciously see it

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Three cones working together to produce color vision

What pairs of colors process together according for opponent process theory

(Red-green)(white-black)(blue-yellow)

Afterimage

You star at am image for too long effect

Color-deficient vision

Reduced ability to distinguish certain colors

Doschromatoc vision

Color vision based on two functioning cone types

Monochromatic vision

Vision providing little to no color discrimination