[Y1] | CHAPTER 1 MOLECULAR

1. Cancer /ˈkænsər/ noun

A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body (Ung thư)

2. Malignant /məˈlɪɡ.nənt/ adjective

Tending to invade normal tissue or spread to other parts of the body; cancerous (Ác tính)

3. Tumor /ˈtjuː.mər/ noun

An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from excessive cell division (Khối u)

4. Neoplasm /ˈniː.oʊ.plæzəm/ noun

A new and abnormal growth of tissue; a tumor (Tân sinh, khối u)

5. Benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ adjective

Not harmful or cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread (Lành tính)

6. Abnormal /æbˈnɔː.məl/ adjective

Not typical, usual, or regular; deviating from the norm (Bất thường)

7. Invasion /ɪnˈveɪ.ʒən/ noun

The spread of cancer cells into surrounding tissues (Sự xâm lấn)

8. Spread (metastasis) /spred/ noun/verb

Movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another (Sự lan rộng, di căn)

9. Symptom /ˈsɪmp.təm/ noun

A physical or mental feature indicating a disease or condition (Triệu chứng)

10. Lump /lʌmp/ noun

A swelling or abnormal mass felt under the skin or within the body (Cục, khối bất thường)

11. Bleeding /ˈbliː.dɪŋ/ noun

Loss of blood from the circulatory system (Chảy máu)

12. Obesity /oʊˈbiː.sə.ti/ noun

A condition of being excessively overweight (Béo phì)

13. Radiation (Ionizing radiation) /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun

Energy released as particles or waves; ionizing radiation can damage DNA and cause cancer (Bức xạ - bức xạ ion hóa)

14. Genetic /dʒəˈnet.ɪk/ adjective

Related to genes or heredity (Di truyền, gen)

15. Mutation /mjuːˈteɪ.ʃən/ noun

A change in DNA sequence that can lead to abnormal cell growth (Đột biến)

16. Screening /ˈskriː.nɪŋ/ noun

Testing for disease in people without symptoms (Sàng lọc)

17. Biopsy /ˈbaɪ.ɑːp.si/ noun

The removal and examination of tissue to diagnose disease (Sinh thiết)

18. Chemotherapy /ˌkiː.moʊˈθer.ə.pi/ noun

The use of drugs to destroy cancer cells (Hóa trị)

19. Radiation therapy /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən ˈθer.ə.pi/ noun

Treatment of cancer using high-energy radiation (Xạ trị)

20. Targeted therapy /ˈtɑːrɡɪtɪd ˈθerəpi/ noun

Cancer treatment that targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth (Liệu pháp nhắm trúng đích)

21. Palliative care /ˈpæl.i.eɪ.tɪv keər/ noun

Medical care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life in serious illness (Chăm sóc giảm nhẹ)

1. Breast cancer /brɛst ˈkænsər/ noun

A type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts (Ung thư vú)

2. Tissue /ˈtɪʃ.uː/ noun

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function (Mô)

3. Lump /lʌmp/ noun

A solid mass under the skin or within tissue (Cục, khối u)

4. Dimpling /ˈdɪmplɪŋ/ noun

Small indentations or puckering of the skin, often seen in breast cancer (Lõm da, nhăn da)

5. Nipple /ˈnɪp.l̩/ noun

The small projection in the center of the breast where milk is delivered (Núm vú)

6. Inverted /ɪnˈvɜːrtɪd/ adjective

Turned inward or reversed in position (Bị tụt vào trong)

7. Scaly /ˈskeɪ.li/ adjective

Rough, dry skin with visible flakes (Có vảy, bong tróc)

8. Distant spread (metastasis) /ˈdɪstənt sprɛd/ noun

Movement of cancer cells from the original site to far parts of the body (Di căn xa)

9. Lymph node /lɪmf noʊd/ noun

Small glands that filter lymph and are part of the immune system (Hạch bạch huyết)

10. Risk factor /rɪsk ˈfæk.tər/ noun

A condition or behavior that increases the chance of disease (Yếu tố nguy cơ)

11. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) /ˈhɔːr.moʊn rɪˈpleɪsmənt ˈθerəpi/ noun

Treatment with hormones to relieve menopausal symptoms (Liệu pháp thay thế hormone)

12. Menopause /ˈmen.ə.pɔːz/ noun

The time in a woman's life when menstrual periods permanently stop (Mãn kinh)

13. Menstruation /ˌmenstruˈeɪʃən/ noun

The monthly shedding of the uterine lining in women (Kinh nguyệt)

14. Lobule /ˈlɒb.juːl/ noun

Small glandular structures in the breast that produce milk (Tiểu thùy, tuyến sữa)

15. Milk duct /mɪlk dʌkt/ noun

Small tube that carries milk from lobules to the nipple (Ống dẫn sữa)

16. Carcinoma /ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A cancer that starts in epithelial cells, such as ducts or lobules (Ung thư biểu mô)

17. Ductal carcinoma /ˈdʌk.təl ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A breast cancer that begins in the lining of the milk ducts (Ung thư biểu mô ống)

18. Lobular carcinoma /ˈlɒb.juː.lər ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A breast cancer that begins in the lobules of the breast (Ung thư biểu mô tiểu thùy)

19. Diagnosis /ˌdaɪ.əɡˈnoʊ.sɪs/ noun

The identification of a disease by examination and testing (Chẩn đoán)

20. Biopsy /ˈbaɪ.ɑːp.si/ noun

The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope (Sinh thiết)

21. Treatment /ˈtriːt.mənt/ noun

Medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury (Điều trị)

1. Lung cancer /lʌŋ ˈkænsər/ noun

A type of cancer that begins in the lungs (Ung thư phổi)

2. Carcinoma /ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A cancer that starts in the epithelial cells (Ung thư biểu mô)

3. Malignant /məˈlɪɡ.nənt/ adjective

Cancerous; able to spread and cause harm (Ác tính)

4. Tumor /ˈtjuː.mər/ noun

An abnormal growth of tissue (Khối u)

5. Uncontrolled cell growth /ˌʌnkənˈtroʊld sɛl ɡroʊθ/ noun phrase

Rapid and abnormal cell division (Sự tăng sinh tế bào mất kiểm soát)

6. Metastasis /məˈtæs.tə.sɪs/ noun

The spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body (Di căn)

7. Primary lung cancer /ˈpraɪ.mɛri lʌŋ ˈkænsər/ noun

Cancer that originates in the lung (Ung thư phổi nguyên phát)

8. Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) /smɔːl sɛl lʌŋ ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A fast-growing type of lung cancer (Ung thư biểu mô tế bào nhỏ ở phổi)

9. Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) /nɑːn smɔːl sɛl lʌŋ ˌkɑːr.səˈnoʊ.mə/ noun

A group of lung cancers that are slower-growing than small-cell type (Ung thư biểu mô không tế bào nhỏ ở phổi)

10. Symptom /ˈsɪmp.təm/ noun

A sign indicating the presence of disease (Triệu chứng)

11. Chest pain /ʧɛst peɪn/ noun

Pain in the chest region, often linked to heart or lung disease (Đau ngực)

12. Tobacco smoking /təˈbækoʊ ˈsmoʊ.kɪŋ/ noun

The act of inhaling smoke from burning tobacco (Hút thuốc lá)

13. Radon gas /ˈreɪ.dɒn ɡæs/ noun

A radioactive gas that increases the risk of lung cancer (Khí radon)

14. Asbestos /æsˈbes.tɒs/ noun

A heat-resistant mineral linked to lung disease and cancer (Amiăng)

15. Air pollution /ɛr pəˈluː.ʃən/ noun

The presence of harmful substances in the air (Ô nhiễm không khí)

16. Radiograph (X-ray) /ˈreɪ.di.oʊ.ɡræf/ noun

An image produced using X-rays (Ảnh X-quang)

17. Computed tomography (CT scan) /kəmˈpjuː.tɪd təˈmɒɡ.rə.fi/ noun

An imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the body (Chụp cắt lớp vi tính (CT))

18. Biopsy /ˈbaɪ.ɒp.si/ noun

Taking a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope (Sinh thiết)

19. Bronchoscopy /brɒŋˈkɒs.kə.pi/ noun

A procedure using a thin tube to look inside the airways and collect tissue (Nội soi phế quản)

20. Prevention /prɪˈven.ʃən/ noun

Action taken to stop disease before it happens (Phòng ngừa)

21. Radiotherapy /ˌreɪ.di.oʊˈθer.ə.pi/ noun

Treatment of disease with high-energy radiation (Xạ trị)

1. Stem cell /stɛm sɛl/ noun

An undifferentiated biological cell that can develop into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells (Tế bào gốc - tế bào chưa biệt hóa, có khả năng biệt hóa và tự nhân đôi)

2. Undifferentiated /ˌʌnˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃieɪtɪd/ adjective

Not specialized or not yet developed into a specific type (Chưa biệt hóa)

3. Differentiate /ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃieɪt/ verb

To develop into a more specialized form or function (Biệt hóa)

4. Specialized /ˈspɛʃəlaɪzd/ adjective

Adapted or designed for a specific function or role (Biệt hoá, đặc thù)

5. Mitosis /maɪˈtoʊsɪs/ noun

The process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells (Nguyên phân)

6. Multicellular /ˌmʌltiˈsɛljələr/ adjective

Consisting of many cells (Đa bào)

7. Embryonic /ˌɛmbriˈɑːnɪk/ adjective

Relating to an embryo; in the earliest stages of development (Phôi thai)

8. Blastocyst /ˈblæstəʊsɪst/ noun

An early-stage embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells (Phôi nang)

9. Tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/ noun

A group of similar cells working together to perform a function (Mô)

10. Progenitor cell /proʊˈdʒɛnɪtər sɛl/ noun

A biological cell that can differentiate into a specific type of cell but has limited ability to divide (Tế bào tiền thân)

11. Repair system /rɪˈpɛr ˈsɪstəm/ noun

Mechanism by which cells or tissues restore damage (Hệ thống sửa chữa)

12. Indefinitely /ɪnˈdɛfənɪtli/ adverb

For an unlimited or unknown period of time (Vô thời hạn)

13. Regenerative /rɪˈdʒɛnərətɪv/ adjective

Able to grow back, renew, or repair itself (Tái tạo)

14. Bone marrow /boʊn ˈmæroʊ/ noun

The soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced (Tủy xương)

15. Adipose tissue /ˈædɪˌpoʊs ˈtɪʃuː/ noun

Tissue in which fat is stored (Mô mỡ)

16. Apheresis /ˌæfəˈriːsɪs/ noun

A medical procedure in which blood is drawn, components are separated, and the rest is returned (Gạn tách máu)

17. Umbilical cord /ʌmˈbɪlɪkəl kɔːrd/ noun

The cord connecting a fetus to the placenta (Dây rốn)

18. Autologous /ɔːˈtɑːləɡəs/ adjective

Originating from the same individual (Tự thân)

19. Transplantation /ˌtrænsplænˈteɪʃən/ noun

The process of transferring cells, tissues, or organs to replace damaged ones (Ghép, cấy ghép)

20. Dedifferentiation /ˌdiːˌdɪfəˌrɛnʃiˈeɪʃən/ noun

The process by which cells revert to a more primitive, less specialized form (Mất biệt hóa - trở lại dạng chưa biệt hóa)

21. Isolate /ˈaɪsəˌleɪt/ verb

To separate something from others for study or use (Cô lập, tách ra)

22. Replenish /rɪˈplɛnɪʃ/ verb

To fill something again; to restore (Bổ sung, làm đầy lại)

23. Intestinal /ɪnˈtɛstɪnl/ adjective

Relating to the intestine (Thuộc về ruột)

24. Replicate /ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt/ verb

To reproduce or make an exact copy (Sao chép, nhân bản)

25. Mammal /ˈmæməl/ noun

A warm-blooded animal with hair or fur that produces milk for its young (Động vật có vú)

26. Divide into /dɪˈvaɪd ˈɪntuː/ verb phrase

To separate into parts or categories (Chia thành)

27. Ectoderm /ˈɛktəˌdɜːrm/ noun

The outermost layer of cells in the embryo, which develops into skin and nervous system (Ngoại bì)

28. Endoderm /ˈɛndoʊˌdɜːrm/ noun

The innermost layer of cells in the embryo, which develops into digestive and respiratory tracts (Nội bì)

29. Mesoderm /ˈmɛzəˌdɜːrm/ noun

The middle embryonic layer that forms muscles, bones, and blood vessels (Trung bì)

30. Turnover /ˈtɜrnˌoʊvər/ noun

The rate at which cells or tissues are replaced (Sự thay thế, đổi mới (tế bào))

31. Accessible /əkˈsɛsəbl/ adjective

Easy to reach or obtain (Dễ tiếp cận)

32. Autologous adult stem cell /ɔːˈtɑːləɡəs ˈædʌlt stɛm sɛl/ noun phrase

Stem cells taken from an adult's own body (Tế bào gốc trưởng thành tự thân)

33. Extraction /ɪkˈstrækʃən/ noun

The act of removing something (Sự tách, lấy ra)

34. Harvest /ˈhɑːrvɪst/ verb

To collect cells or tissues for medical use (Thu hoạch, lấy)

35. Drill into /drɪl ˈɪntuː/ verb phrase

To make a hole using a tool (Khoan vào)

36. Femur /ˈfiːmər/ noun

The thigh bone, the longest bone in the human body (Xương đùi)

37. Iliac crest /ˈɪliæk krɛst/ noun

The curved upper border of the ilium (hip bone) (Mào chậu)