ANS 2240 Exam 2 F26

Systems, Structures, and Movement/Preventative Medicine/Reproduction + Labs

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of the bones that form the limbs and feet.

Axial Skeleton

The skeletal division comprising the skull, neck, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Visceral (Splanchnic) Skeleton

Bones that develop within soft tissues or organs, exemplified by the os penis in male dogs.

Dewclaw

The non-weight-bearing fifth toe located proximally on the medial side of each front paw in dogs.

Hip Dysplasia

A hereditary malformation where the acetabular pelvic socket is abnormally flat and shallow rather than cup-like, failing to encircle roughly two-thirds of the femoral head and causing joint laxity, pain, and deterioration.

Elbow Dysplasia

An inherited developmental malformation in large dog breeds where the humerus, radius, and ulna fail to fit together smoothly, typically affecting both elbows and resulting in progressive arthritis and lameness.

Ruptured Cruciate

A tear of the stabilizing cruciate ligament inside the stifle (knee) joint, caused by twisting forces or sudden direction changes, often requiring stabilization via tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Patellar Luxation

A musculoskeletal condition seen frequently in toy breeds and small terriers where a flattened femoral trochlear groove allows the patella to slide medially or laterally out of track, often producing a skipping gait.

Portal Circulation

A specialized circulatory pathway in which venous blood travels through two separate capillary beds—originating in the gastrointestinal tract and filtering through the liver—prior to re-entering systemic circulation.

Lymph

The interstitial fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries that passes through filtering lymph nodes before being returned to the bloodstream.

Vertebral Heart Score (VHS)

A radiographic metric used to quantify cardiac size by projecting the sum of the heart's long and short axes onto the thoracic vertebral column; averages 9.7 \times 10^0 \text{ (or } 9.7 \text{)} \begin{pmatrix} \text{T-units} \begin{pmatrix} \text{normally } 8.5 - 10.9 \text{ v} \begin{pmatrix} in dogs and $7.5 \times 10^0 \text{ (or } 7.5 \text{)}$ ($6.8 - 8.1 \text{ v}$) in cats.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

A heart failure condition marked by dilation and thinning of the left ventricle, impairing the organ's ability to pump oxygenated blood systemically; can be inherited or triggered by nutritional taurine deficiency.

Hemangiosarcoma

A vascular cancer arising from endothelial cells lining blood vessels, making up 5% to 7% of canine tumors; forms fragile, blood-filled tumors commonly located in the spleen and heart.

Mast Cell Tumor

The most prevalent malignant skin tumor in dogs, arising from immune mast cells involved in allergic responses, with high potential to metastasize to the liver, spleen, intestines, and bone marrow.

Normal Canine Rectal Temperature

The physiological baseline body temperature of a healthy dog, normally falling within the range of $101.0^\circ\text{F} - 102.5^\circ\text{F}$.

Normal Feline Rectal Temperature

The physiological baseline body temperature of a healthy cat, normally falling within the range of $100.4^\circ\text{F} - 102.5^\circ\text{F}$.

Mitral Valve Auscultation Site

The cardiac point of maximum intensity located on the left thorax, positioned directly caudal to the forelimb at the level of the elbow.

Tricuspid Valve Auscultation Site

The single mandatory auscultation landmark located on the right side of the thorax, situated between the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces.

Normal Resting Canine Heart Rate

Normal cardiac rate in dogs: $100 - 140\,\text{BPM}$ for small dogs (< $30\,\text{lbs}$), $60 - 100\,\text{BPM}$ for medium to large dogs ($\ge 30\,\text{lbs}$), and $120 - 160\,\text{BPM}$ for puppies under 1 year.

Normal Feline Heart Rate

Normal cardiac rate in cats: $120 - 140\,\text{BPM}$ when resting at home, $140 - 220\,\text{BPM}$ when stressed or excited at the veterinary clinic, and $180 - 220\,\text{BPM}$ in kittens.

Active Immunity

Long-term protective immunity generated internally by an individual's immune system when exposed to an antigen via natural infection or vaccination.

Passive Immunity

Short-term disease protection acquired through the physical transfer of preformed maternal antibodies, primarily through colostrum and lactation.

Live Attenuated Vaccine

A vaccine containing a modified, weakened pathogen that still replicates within host cells to elicit strong, long-lasting immunity without causing disease.

Inactivated Vaccine

A vaccine made of killed organisms whose genetic material is destroyed; unable to replicate, it typically requires an adjuvant and higher antigen doses to trigger primarily antibody-mediated protection.

Core Vaccines

Essential immunizations recommended by veterinary standards for all companion animals, irrespective of geographic location, breed, or lifestyle.

DHPP

A core canine combination vaccine protecting against canine Distemper, Hepatitis (Adenovirus), Parvovirus, and Parainfluenza.

FVRCP

The standard core 3-in-1 feline vaccine providing protection against Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FHV-1), Calicivirus (FCV), and Panleukopenia (FPV).

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

A congenital neurological deficit marked by ataxia and loss of equilibrium, occurring when kittens are infected in utero during late pregnancy by feline panleukopenia virus.

Persistent Viremia

The continuous, uncontained presence of infectious virus circulating in the blood, representing the progressive phase of feline leukemia virus (FeLV).

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

A fatal immune-mediated systemic disease, predominantly seen in cats under 2 years old, triggered by a systemic mutation of feline enteric coronavirus.

Cephalic Vein

The superficial blood vessel coursing cranially along the dorsal forearm, commonly selected for canine venipuncture and intravenous catheter placement.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A foundational hematological test assessing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit to evaluate anemia, inflammation, infection, and clotting.

Lavender-Top Collection Tube

A blood tube containing the anticoagulant potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ($\text{K}_2\,\text{EDTA}$), inverted 8–10 times and utilized primarily for CBCs and hematology.

Subcutaneous (SQ) Injection

An injection administered into the loose connective tissue beneath the skin at a $45^\circ$ needle angle; in cats, standard guidelines require administration low on the limbs to permit amputation if an injection-site sarcoma occurs.

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

A deep parenteral injection delivered straight into muscular tissue at a $90^\circ$ angle, necessitating syringe aspiration prior to injection to ensure no blood vessels are penetrated.

Monoestrous

The reproductive characteristic of having only one estrous cycle per year or breeding season, typical of female canids.

Superfecundation

The fertilization of distinct ova from the same ovulatory cycle by spermatozoa originating from two or more different males, producing a litter with multiple sires.

Diapedesis

The passage of red blood cells through intact capillary walls into the uterine lumen, creating the bloody vaginal discharge observed during canine proestrus under rising estrogen levels.

Flagging

The behavioral display during canine estrus where the female pulls her tail to the side to permit mounting and mating by a stud.

Bulbus Glandis

An expandable erectile vascular bulb situated at the base of the canine penis that swells firmly within the bitch's vestibule during mating to establish the coital tie.

Coital Tie

The physiological locking of the canine penis inside the vagina during the second stage of coitus, which lasts $5 - 45\,\text{minutes}$ and must never be forcibly broken.

Bicornuate Uterus

The anatomical uterine configuration in carnivores characterized by two distinct, elongated uterine horns meeting at a short common uterine body and a single cervix.

Ovarian Pedicle

The vascular stalk comprised of the ovarian artery and vein alongside surrounding peritoneal fat, which must be securely ligated during an ovariohysterectomy.

Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary

A fibrous peritoneal cord attaching the ovary to the body wall near the last ribs; it must be broken down or stretched during a spay to exteriorize the ovary from the abdomen.

Broad Ligament

The extensive bilateral peritoneal fold that suspends the uterine horns, uterine body, and uterine blood vessels from the abdominal wall.

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

A postsurgical complication resulting from incomplete excision of ovarian tissue during an ovariohysterectomy, resulting in persistent cyclic estrus signs and risk of stump pyometra.

Dehiscence

The breakdown or premature splitting open of a surgical incision along suture lines, predisposing the animal to incisional herniation, infection, and evisceration.

Extreme Pelvic Limb Angulation

A conformational defect where excessive angulation of the rear limb bones relative to the pelvic joint causes joint strain, lameness, and progressive functional impairment.

Brachycephalic Skull

A shortened, flattened head conformation that alters airway, oral, and facial anatomy, frequently predisposing animals to respiratory distress and difficulties with eating and grooming.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A chronic clinical condition in which elevated venous pressures cause fluid to leak from capillaries into body tissues and cavities, causing respiratory distress and coughing.

Heartworm Disease

A mosquito-borne parasitic condition caused by Dirofilaria immitis affecting dogs, cats, and ferrets, leading to coughing, exercise intolerance, and severe cardiopulmonary pathology.

Lymphoma

A widespread malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes representing the most common canine and feline hematopoietic cancer, primarily treated with systemic chemotherapy.

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Immunological structures such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches that filter bodily fluids, store white blood cells, and facilitate immune reactions.

Aortic Valve Auscultation Site

The cardiac auscultation landmark located on the left thorax, situated caudal and dorsal relative to the mitral valve region.

Pulmonic Valve Auscultation Site

The cardiac auscultation landmark located on the left thorax, situated caudal and ventral relative to the aortic valve region.

Normal Canine Respiratory Rate

The resting breathing rate of a healthy dog, which typically ranges from $10\,\text{breaths/min}$ to $35\,\text{breaths/min}$.

Normal Feline Respiratory Rate

The resting breathing rate of a healthy cat, which typically ranges from $15\,\text{breaths/min}$ to $30\,\text{breaths/min}$.

Antigen

A foreign molecule or infectious organism that triggers an adaptive immune response and stimulates the production of matching antibodies.

Antibody

A specific defensive immunoglobulin synthesized by plasma cells that binds to and neutralizes a targeted foreign antigen for destruction.

Non-Core Vaccines

Elective immunizations recommended selectively by veterinary clinicians based upon an individual animal's specific lifestyle, geographic exposure risk, and medical history.

Leptospirosis

A bacterial zoonotic infection acquired from wildlife-contaminated waterways that targets the renal and hepatic systems and is often delivered separately from core vaccines due to reactogenicity.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

A feline retrovirus targeting circulating white blood cells to cause chronic immunosuppression, primarily transmitted via deep cat-bite wounds; commercial vaccination is unavailable.

Injection-Site Sarcoma

A rare, invasive soft-tissue malignancy that develops in feline patients following parenteral injections, motivating the veterinary recommendation to inject distally on limbs.

Lateral Saphenous Vein

A peripheral superficial vessel coursing across the lateral surface of the canine hind limb above the hock, used for venipuncture in lateral recumbency.

Serum Chemistry Profile

A blood panel measuring electrolytes and biochemical markers, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose, to assess organ function.

Polyovulatory

The reproductive characteristic of shedding multiple mature oocytes during a single ovulatory cycle, enabling the gestation of multiparous litters in canines and felines.

Corpus Luteum (CL)

The endocrine structure that forms on the ovary after ovulation to secrete progesterone, supporting the uterine environment whether or not pregnancy occurs.

Anestrus

The phase of the canine estrous cycle characterized by reproductive inactivity and baseline concentrations of both estradiol and progesterone, lasting on average $90\,\text{days}$ to $150\,\text{days}$.

Proestrus

The initial canine estrous phase lasting approximately $9\,\text{days}$, marked by rising estradiol, vulvar swelling, bloody discharge via capillary diapedesis, and attraction without receptivity to studs.

Diestrus

The post-receptive luteal phase lasting roughly $60\,\text{days}$ to $65\,\text{days}$, characterized by sustained high progesterone secretion regardless of whether conception occurred.

Canine Gestation Period

The length of embryonic and fetal development in the bitch, lasting between $56\,\text{days}$ and $72\,\text{days}$ with an average of $63\,\text{days}$ to $65\,\text{days}$ from initial breeding.

Pre-Whelping Temperature Drop

A transient decrease in maternal body temperature to roughly $100.0^\circ\text{F}$ triggered by a precipitous decline in progesterone $12\,\text{hours}$ to $24\,\text{hours}$ before parturition.

Cervix

The muscular sphincter located between the uterine body and vagina that remains tightly sealed with a mucus plug during gestation to protect the uterine environment.

Total Canine Skeletal Bone Count

Approximately $319$ bones, varying slightly between breeds primarily due to differences in caudal vertebrae length.

Total Feline Skeletal Bone Count

Approximately $240$ to $245$ bones, characterized by loosely connected vertebrae that enhance spinal flexibility.

Feline Clavicular Attachment

A purely muscular connection free of a rigid bony shoulder joint, allowing a narrow chest that enables passage through tight spaces.

Caudal Vertebrae Range in Dogs

The number of tail vertebrae present in canines, varying across individual breeds from $6$ to $23$ bones.

Primary Lymphoid Organs

The bone marrow and thymus, responsible for the initial generation and maturation of lymphocytes and leukocytes.

Maternally Derived Antibodies (MDA)

Passive maternal immunoglobulins absorbed via colostrum that offer early protection while temporarily neutralizing response to early vaccines.

Regressive FeLV Infection

A feline leukemia outcome where the virus integrates into cellular DNA without causing active viremia, remaining latent unless immunosuppression triggers reactivation.

Abortive FeLV Infection

An outcome in which an immunocompetent cat clears the virus before systemic infection occurs, producing robust neutralizing antibodies without persistent viremia.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

An acute systemic adenovirus disease targeting the hepatic, renal, and ocular systems, frequently resulting in rapid mortality in puppies.

Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

A core feline viral pathogen causing upper respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, and prominent oral or gingival ulcerations.

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FHV-1)

A widespread feline herpesvirus infection characterized by severe sneezing, conjunctivitis, fever, and corneal ulcerations.

Minimal Restraint

A low-stress handling philosophy utilizing gentle, supportive holds rather than heavy force, ideal for fearful animals that resist confinement.

Chemical Restraint

The clinical use of anxiolytics or sedatives to safely calm and immobilize severely fearful, reactive, or aggressive veterinary patients.

Thoracic Inlet Landmark

The anatomical depression at the base of the neck where manual digital compression is applied to occlude the jugular vein during canine venipuncture.

Needle Bevel Orientation

The slanted opening at the needle tip, which must be facing directly upwards at a $45^\circ$ angle during successful venipuncture.

Hemolysis Prevention

The practice of gently handling and inverting blood tubes rather than shaking them, avoiding the rupture of fragile red blood cells.

Light Blue-Top Tube

A blood collection tube with sodium citrate anticoagulant, inverted $3$ to $4$ times, used specifically for plasma coagulation profiles.

Spontaneous Ovulation

The release of mature oocytes from ovarian follicles driven by cyclical hormonal surges without requiring the physical stimulation of copulation.

Canine Ovulation Timing

The release of ova occurring approximately $2$ to $3\,\text{days}$ after the initial onset of behavioral estrous receptivity.

Embryonic Uterine Horn Spacing

The even spatial distribution of canine conceptuses across both uterine horns, occurring roughly $6$ to $10\,\text{days}$ post-fertilization.

Vascular Penis Type

An anatomical copulatory organ that relies on significant blood engorgement of erectile tissue rather than a fibroelastic sigmoid flexure to achieve rigidity.

Ovarian Bursa

A protective peritoneal capsule enclosing the canine ovary that directs ovulated oocytes into the oviduct.

Ovariohysterectomy Benefits

Surgical benefits including lifelong sterilization, elimination of estrus behaviors, prevention of pyometra, and dramatic reduction in mammary neoplasia risk.

Cervical Mucus Plug

A thick gelatinous barrier sealing the internal cervical canal to protect the uterine environment and developing fetuses from ascending contamination.

Uterine Artery Anatomy

Bilateral vessels running directly alongside the uterine horns that must be securely ligated at the uterine body level during a spay.