Fuel Versatility, Fermentation, Glycolysis Steps

carbs

glycolysis

fats

glycerol (glycolysis) + fatty acids (acetyl CoA/citric acid cycle)

proteins

amino acids (after amino group removal) at various points

excess fuel stored as…

… glycogen, or converted to fat when energy is abundant

alcohol fermentation

regnerate NAD+ (to keep glycolysis going). by yeast and is used in brewing, wine, baking

alcohol fermentation step 1

release Co2 from pyruvate, which is converted to acetaldehyde

alcohol fermentation step 2

acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol regenerating NAD+

lactic acid fermentation

regenerate NAD+ (keep glycolysis going)

by fungi and bacteria and is used to make cheese and yogurt

lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate reduced directly by NADH to lactate with no release of CO2

step 3 of glycolysis

PFK adds second phosphate from ATP (uses 1 ATP). key regulation step

steps 7 and 10 glycolysis

4 ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation

Step 6 of glycolysis

G3P oxidized, 2 NAD+ reduced to 2 NADH

Krebs cycle

acetyl CoA (2C)+ oxaloacetate (4C)→citrate (6C)

citric acid cycle steps 3, 4, 8

NAD+ reduced

citric acid cycle steps 3 and 4

Co2 released

after step 4 of Krebs cycle

both carbons from acetyl CoA gone

step 5 of Krebs cycle

substrate level phosphorylation (makes ATP)