Radiography History

Who began intensive testing to determine the nature of the rays?

Roentgen

Why are x-rays called x

Roentgen was unsure of what the rays were so he called them X

What is the first radiograph

The radiograph of Mrs. Roentgen’s hand - Made by Roentgen on 22 Dec 1895

What was the quick development after the first x-ray

28 Dec 1895 - Roentgen reported to the president of the Wurzburg Physical-Medical Society with the x-ray

New Year’s - Printed report to physicist friends across Europe

January - Roentgen acclaimed as the discoverer of a medical miracle

What was the first public demonstration of x-ray

Radiograph of the hand of Albert von Kolliker - made at the conclusion of Roentgen’s presentation in 1896, in the Physics Department Auditorium of the University of Wurzburg

What did Roentgen win

He won the first Nobel prize in Physics in 1901

When was the first clinical x-ray equipment installed in Ireland

1896

What were x-rays being used for 6 months after Roentgen announced his discovery

Used by battlefield physicians to locate bullets in wounded soldiers

What was a common source of exposure in the 1890s

Hand-held fluoroscopy

What was the initial thought on harmful effects of x-rays

There were early questions about safety, however there was a widespread belief that x-rays were harmless

What happened in late 1896 as a result of x-rays

Elihu Thomson induced dermatitis on his own finger

What did William Rollins advocate for

He advocated extreme caution and the use of lead shields - most in the field disregarded these warnings

What did Mihran Kassabian do

Meticulously noted and photographer his hands during progressive necroses and serial amputations hoping the data he collected might prove useful after his death

Who was Clarence Dally and what did he die of

Edison’s longtime assistant in the manufacture of x-ray apparatus

Died age 39 following a struggle with burns, serial amputations, and extensive lymph node involvement

What did Clarence Dally’s death lead to

Medical observers finally agreed that the rays could prove fatal

What did early efforts at x-ray protection involve

• Heavy aprons

• Metal helmets

• Other paraphernalia (e.g. the introduction of lead screens)

Who was Antoine-Henri Becquerel

A French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances

What did Becquerel win in 1903

In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie

What did Marie Curie do

Her marriage to Pierre Curie gave her access to scientific resources usually barred to women. The Curies discovered radium and they won the Nobel Prize with Becquerel in 1903 - she became the first woman professor at the Sorbonne

What did Marie Curie do during WWI

She established field x-ray stations and donated 20 x-ray equipped cars (petite curies) - she drove at the war front and trained personnel to radiograph the wounded

Where did Alberta Lucille Hart graduate from

She graduated as the only woman in her class with the highest honours from the University of Oregon Medical School in 1917

What did Alberta Lucille Hart then do

She changed her gender identity and name to Dr. Alan Ludll Hart - specialised in radiology, married a woman in 1925 and practised both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology

What did Elizabeth Fleischmann do

She opened her own x-ray laboratory where she became well known for radiographing Spanish-American War veterans recovering

What ended up happening to Elizabeth Fleischmann

She developed “x-ray dermatitis” on her hands, was unable to continue work and closed her office. Her right arm and shoulder were amputated, and she then died of radiation induced cancer

Where did Florence Ada Stoney study

Educated at Royal College of Science as Dublin University was closed to women. Got MB, BS from London School of Medicine for Women

What did Florence Ada Stoney do

She started x-ray department at Royal Free Hospital in London and performed both radiotherapy and diagnosis. She was refused her services as a radiologist by the British War Office, but agreed to head the medical staff of a volunteer women’s hospital

What did Florence Ada Stoney achieve in 1915

She became x-ray department head at Fulham military hospital - the first woman physician to be accepted for full-time work under the War Office

What did Kathleen Clark do

She founded the school of radiography at Royal Northern Hospital in London and was the principal of the Department of Radiography at Ilford Ltd., which then acquired a world-wide reputation under her leadership

Why did Clark’s Positioning in Radiography cause controversy

Positioning photographs of unclothed pts, some female