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9 Terms

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Cruelty
Defined as unexpected, arbitrary, unnecessary and unlicensed force and terror; considered an absolute evil that horrifies us.
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Deontological ethics
A moral approach which holds that actions are right or wrong based on whether they conform to moral laws or duties.
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Utilitarianism
The ethical doctrine that an action is just if it benefits the greatest number of people.
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Elenchus
A Socratic method of questioning to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.
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Aporia
A state of puzzlement or doubt; often used in philosophical contexts to describe unresolved problems.
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Tripartite Soul
Plato's theory that the soul has three parts: logos (reason), thymos (spirit), and epithymos (appetite/desire).
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Nomos
Conventional law and customs; contrasted with physis (natural law).
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Physis
Nature or natural law; the inherent qualities of something, often contrasted with conventional laws.
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Consequentialist ethics
An ethical theory that judges whether actions are right or wrong based on their outcomes.