Motivation/Emotion (copy)

AP Psychology Module 4.7a, 4.7b, 4.8a & 4.8b

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is found throughout a species and is not learned

Instinct theory

Replaced by evolutionary perspective; genetically predisposed behaviors that cannot be unlearned and has been genetically imprinted

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement

drive-reduction theory

Motivation = reducing internal tension from unmet needs

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

arousal theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation; we are bored and we want something that stimulates our brain

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increase with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow’s hierachy of needs

Humans prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

Instinct/Evolutionary Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it names behaviors as instinct as opposed to explaining the motivation for the behaviors

Drive-Reduction Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain motivation behind certain behaviors such as curiosity or risk taking. It also doesn’t incorporate anything to do with external incentives

Incentive Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain all behaviors. Not all behaviors give back a reward in return so this theory doesn’t explain any altruistic behaviors

arousal motivation theory’s weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it doesn’t explain some biological motivations

Maslow’s Hierachy of Need’s Motivation Theory Weakness’

This theory’s weakness is hard to prove objectively, as some people focus on higher needs before lower needs

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

We strive to hold all of our attitudes and behaviors in harmony

Cognitive Dissonance Theory’s weakness’

This theory’s weakness is how it cannot be physically observed.

Drive

A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal

Primary Drive

drives that are innate such as hunger, thirst and sex

Secondary Drive

drives that are leanred through conditioning such as working for money

Intrinsic Motivation

The act of doing something without any obvious external rewards

Extrinsic Motivation

reward-driven behavior; rewards or other incentives such as praise, fame, or money

Overjustification Effect

a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action

Self-Efficacy

a person’s belief in his or her ability to complete a future task of solve a future problem

Achievement Motivation

Desire to meet an internalized standard

affiliation motivation

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

self-determination theory

we strive to satisfy our need for competence, autonomy and releatedness

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

spillover effect

arousal from one activity will continue even after you finish said activity

Sexual response cycle

4 stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

People with high needs: choose moderately challenging tasks to satisfy needs

People with low needs: choose easy/impossible goals to not claim responsibility for failures

Tend and befriend

Behavior exhibited especially by females when under threat, protection of offspring and seeking group for defense

William James

Created the James-Lange Theory

Alfred Kinsey

sexologist, developed Kinsey scale of sexual orientation (scale of strictly hetero to strictly homo)

Abraham Maslow

“Father of Humanistic Psychology”, created hierarchy of needs

Stanley Schachter

Developed 2-factor theory of emotion

Hans Selye

Coined General Adaptation Syndrome

James-Lange Theory

Emotion is our awareness of our physio. responses to stimuli (ex: we see a bear, we run, which makes us afraid, arousal → emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory (Thalamic Theory)

stimulus triggers physio. responses and emotions SIMULTANEOUSLY (arousal AND emotion)

Schachter-Singer Theory (Schachter 2-Factor)

to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal (arousal AND cognitive label → emotion)

opponent-process theory

Developed by Richard Solomon, views emotions in pairs, when 1 emotion is felt, the other is suppressed

Cognitive-Appraisal Theory

(Richard Lazarus) - emotion depends on our interpretation (appraisal) of the situation we’re in

Primary appraisal

Appraise a situation based on the consequences

Secondary appraisal

Deciding to do something based on primary appraisal and current emotion

Ekman’s Cross-Cultural Research

emotions are partially innate based on research across countries

Eustress

Good stress (like getting married)

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress

primary appraisal: assess potential harm posed by situation

secondary appraisal: assess ability to cope with event

Stress Response System

Fight-or-Flight (short term survival instinct) and General Adaptation Syndrome (long term effect to stress)

Approach-Approach

choice between 2 desirable goals

Avoidance approach

Choice between 2 equally undesirable options

Approach-Avoidance

Attracted but repelled by same goal

Multiple approach-avoidance

Must choose between 2 partially pos/neg options