Week 5 Ch 12: Water & Minerals required for oral soft tissues and salivary glands

water

most abundant component of the body; adipose tissue contains less than lean body mass; maintains stability of all body fluids; enables transport of nutrients to cells and provides medium for excretion of waste products; acts as lubricant between cells to permit movement without friction; regulates body temp

men - 3.7L/day (15-16 cups), women - 2.7L/day (11-12 cups)

how much water is required per day?

fluid volume excess

occurs in ecf compartments secondary to an increase in total body sodium; results in rapid weight gain, puffy eyelids, distended neck veins and elevated bp

fluid volume deficit

associated with excessive loss of fluids from - GI tract, urinary tract, skin; classic signs - dry tongue with longitudinal fissures, xerostomia, shrinkage of oral mucous membranes

electrolytes

compounds or ions that dissociate in solution; important in water balance and pH balance

sodium

maintain normal ECF concentration by affecting the concentration, excretion and absorption of potassium and chloride and water distribution; regulate acid-base balance; facilitate impulse transmission in nerve and muscle fibers

hypernatremia

elevated serum sodium level; signs are extreme thirst, dry sticky tongue and oral mucous membranes; fever; convulsions

hyponatremia

water intoxication can occur where individuals drink too much water; early symptoms - nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, confusion, lethargy and coma

chloride

maintains ECF balance, osmotic equilibrium and electrolyte balance; in gastric secretions to aid protein digestion and creating acidic environment to inhibit bacterial growth and enhance iron, calcium and vit b12 absorption

potassium

maintain cellular (ICF) concentration; directly affects muscle contraction and electrical conductivity of the heart; transmission of nerve impulses; regulates pH balance

iron

component of hemoglobin; catalyzes many oxidative reactions within cells; conversion of beta-carotene to vit A; formation of purines as part of nucleic acid; removal of lipids from the blood; detoxification of drugs in liver; synthesis of collagen; production of antibodies

zinc

affects cell growth and replication; collagen synthesis, bone resorption ad remodeling; sexual maturation; night vision; immune defenses; taste, smell and appetite

hypostates - zinc

thickening of epithelium, impaired keratinization of epithelial cells, increased susceptibility to periodontal disease, flattened filiform papillae, loss of taste and smell acuity, impaired wound healing

iodine

production of thyroxine; excessive results in thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism; hypostates - goiter, enlarged tongue, delayed eruption of primary and secondary teeth