Physical Pharmacy (META)

polymorphism

Ability to exist in more than one crystalline form due to changes in the intermolecular bonding patterns and molecular orientation diffarance

Dependent on the amount of matter

Mass

Volume

Length

stokes

Sedimentation Rate

Noyes-Whitney

DISSOLUTION rate

Arrhenius

Chemica Kinetics

Henderson-Hasselbalch

pH

Surface Tension

force per unit length the face to counterbalance the net inward pull

spreading coefficient

The difference between work of adhesion and work of cohasion

zeta potential

difference in potential between the surface of the tightly bound layer and the electroneutral region of the solution

surface tension

also defined as the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to RESIST AN EXTERNAL FORCE, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

Van der Waals

WEAK attractions between DIPOLES

Repulsive & Attractive

to COHERE (ATTRACTIVE) & PREVENT interpenetration (REPULSIVE)

Electrovalent

ALSO known as IONIC BOND

Intramolecular

WITHIN a molecule

H bonds

Which intermolecular force accounts for the unusualproperties of water such as its high dielectric constant, abnormally low vapor pressure, and high boiling point?

plastic/bingham

YIELD VALUE achieved → starts to flow

pseudoplastic

increases stress. decreases viscosity

dilatant

increases stress. increases viscosity

cryoscopic method and the sodium chloride equivalent method

methods of adjusting tonicity and pH:

Class I

White-Vincent method and the Sprowls method

methods of adjusting tonicity and pH:

Class II

diffusion

Particle moving from higher to lower concentration; Based on Fick's law

sedimentation

For determining the molecular weight of polymers; Based on Stokes law

ligh scattering

Estimation of particle size, shape, and colloidal interaction

brownian movement

Random, zigzag pattern movement of colloidal particles

projected area

diameter of a circle with the same area as that of the particle observed perpendicular to the surface on which the particle rests

feret

distance between TWO TANGENTS on opposite sides of the particle parallel to some fixed direction

Martin's → lenath ofa line that BISECTS the particle imade

martin

lenath of a line that BISECTS the particle imade

single point

Capillary → Ostwald

Falling Sphere → Hoeppler

multiple point

Cup-and-Bob → Couette (rotating cup) & Searle (stationary cup)

Cone-and-Plate → Ferranti-Shirley

VAN DER WAALS FORCES

KEESOM (Dipole-Dipole)

DEBYE (Dipole-Induced Dipole)

LONDON (Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole)

keesom

Dipole-Dipole

debye

Dipole-Induced Dipole

LONDON (Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole)

london

Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole

cubic

NaCl

hexagonal

iodoform

monoclinic

sucrose

rhombic

iodine

tetragonal

urea

hydrogen bonds

Interaction between a molecule containing a hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom

Accounts for many of the unusual properties of water including its high dielectric constant, abnormally low vapor pressure, and high boiling point

Repulsive & Attractive Forces

Attractive forces are necessary for molecules to cohere, whereas repulsive forces act to prevent the molecules from interpenetrating and annihilating each other.

Electrovalent Bond

lonic, Electrovalent bond between two counter ions is the strongest bonding interaction and can persist over the longest distance

porosity

ratio of the void volume to the bulk volume of the powder

void volume

volume of spaces

bulk

volume occupied

density

universally defined as weight per unit volume

light scattering

Widely used for determining the molecular weight of colloids

protophilic

capable of accepting protons the solute

protogenic

proton donating compound

amphiprotic

act as both proton acceptors and proton donors

aprotic

neither accept nor donate protons

lyophilic colloids

Systems containing colloidal particles that interact to an appreciable extent with the dispersion medium are referred to as

lyophobic colloids

The second class of colloids is composed of materials that have little attraction, if any, for the dispersion medium. These are the:

association colloids

characterized by having two distinct regions of opposing solution affinities within the same molecule or ion. As the concentration is increased, aggregation occurs and these aggregates, which may contain 50 or more monomers, are called micelles

nonionic surfactant

effective over pHrange of 3 - 10

cationic surfactant

effective over pHrange of 3 - 7

newtonian liquids

Castor oil

Chloroform

Ethyl alcohol

Glycerin

Olive oil

Water

capillary

Ostwald viscometer

metal ion complexes

Inorganic Type

Chelates → EDTA

Olefin Type

Aromatic Type → Pi Complexes, Sigma Complexes, Sandwich Compounds

organic molecular complexes

Quinhydrone Type

Picric Acid Type

Caffeine And Other Drug Complexes

Polymer Type

inclusion / occlusion

Channel Lattice Type → Cholic acid, Deoxycholic Acid, Urea, Thiourea, lodine & Starch

Layer Type → Graphite, Montmorillonite

Clathrates → Hydroquinone, Warfarin

Monomolecular Type → Cyclodextrin

Macromolecular Type → Zeolite, Dextrin, Silica gel

shear thickening

dilantant known as

shear thinning

pseudoplastic

complete wetting

O°

partial wetting

Between 0° - 180°

no wetting

180°

Cationic Agents

Use in pharmaceutical preparations is limited to that of antimicrobial preservation rather than as surfactants

crystalline solids

arranged in fixed geometric patterns

Amorphous solids

supercooled liquids in which the molecules arranged in a somewhat random manner as in liquid state

liquid crystals/mesophase

intermediate between the liquid and solid states

Smectic liquid crystals

molecules are mobile in two directions and can rotate about one axis

nematic liquid crystals

rotate only about one axis, mobile in three directions

enantiotropic

polymorphism is reversible

monotropic

polymorphism is irreversible

isotropic

exhibit similar properties in all directions

anisotropic

showing different characteristics in various directions

channel lattice

cholic acid, urea, starch-iodine

layer type

motmorillonite

clathrates

cage like lattice, warfarin

Monomolecular inclusion compound

cyclodextrins

refraction

when lightenters a denser substance at an angle and one part of the wave slows down more quickly as it passes the interface producing a bending of the wave towards the interface

optical rotation

clockwise or counterclockwise rotation in the planar light

optical rotary

dispersion is the measure of the angle of rotation as a function of wavelength.

Circular dichroism

when circularly polarized light is caused to become elliptically polarized

Colligative properties

depend mainly on the number of particles in a solution

additive properties

depend on the total contribution of the atoms in the molecule or on the sum of the properties of the constituents in a solution

flocculated

easy to redisperse

deflocculated

pleasing to the consumers

100-120

mEq of sodium

80-120

mEq of potassium

40-60

mEq of phosphate

5-10

mEq of calcium

polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent

equal sharing of electrons

Gibbs Free Energy

MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WORK done in a thermodynamic system, wherethe temperature and pressure are kept CONSTANT

Ideal Gas Law

relationship between PRESSURE, VOLUME, number of MOLES of gas and TEMPERATURE

Ideal Gas Law

relationship between PRESSURE, VOLUME, number of MOLES of gas and TEMPERATURE

Faraday's Law

Magnetic Field + Conductor = CURRENT

absorption

penetration into the medium (ex. water and sponge)

electrokinetic potential

zeta potential is also known as

osmosis

A process in which the solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane from an area of dilute solution into a concentrated solution.