Exam #1 pt. 1- Endocrine System

Do circulating hormones or local hormones enter the bloodsteam?

Circulating hormones

Which of the following are water-soluble and which are lipid-soluble?


1. Biogenic amines
2. Steroid hormones
3. Peptide hormones

1. Water-soluble
2. Lipid-soluble
3. Water-soluble

Do lipid-soluble or water-soluble substances require carrier proteins in the bloodstream?

Lipid-soluble

Are lipid-soluble or water-soluble substances able to diffuse through the plasma membrane?

Lipid-soluble

What are steroid hormones formed from?

Cholesterol

What are biogenic amines formed from?

Tyrosine

What are peptide hormones formed from?

Amino acid chains

The hypothalamus-pituitary axis communicates via which two things?

* Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
* Hypothalamic-pituitary tract

In the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, what does the portal system communicate with?

Anterior pituitary gland

In the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, what does the tract system communicate with?

Posterior pituitary gland

a. What is found in the parathyroid that increases blood calcium levels?

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b. What is the nickname for it?

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

b. Chief cells

Which adrenal cortex hormone is responsible for:

* increasing Na+ reabsorption


* increasing K+ and H+ secretion

Aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)

Which adrenal cortex hormone:

* is a secondary source of testosterone for men
* stimulates masculine features in women (ex: facial hair)

Androgens (zona reticularis)

Which adrenal cortex hormone:

* decreases glucose uptake in most cells
* inhibits inflammatory response
* stimulates glycogenolysis
* gluconeogenesis
* increases protein break-down
* catabolism

Cortisol (zona fasciculata)

In the pancreas, insulin is also known as ______ ______, while glucagon is also known as ______ ______.

beta cells; alpha cells

a. Which type of cell in the pancreas increases blood glucose levels?

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b. This is done through the stimulation of what three things?

a. Glucagon (alpha cells)

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b.

* Glycogenolysis
* Lipolysis
* Gluconeogenesis

a. Which type of cell in the pancreas decreases blood glucose levels?

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b. This is done through the stimulation of what three things?

a. Insulin (beta cells)

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b.

* Glycogenesis


* Lipogenesis
* Glucose uptake by most cells

What are the four target cells of the pancreas’ insulin (beta cells)?

* Liver
* Adipose tissue
* Muscle cells
* Most cells of the body

What are the two target cells of the pancreas’ glucagon (alpha cells)?

* Liver
* Adipose tissue

The skin converts ______ into an inactive form of ______ which increases ______ ______ when activated

* cholesterol
* vitamin D
* blood calcium

The ______ ______ produces melatonin which regulates the ______ ______ cycle

pineal gland; sleep-wake

The ______ produce Erythropoietin which stimulates ______ production

kidney; RBC

The ______ produces angiotensinogen converts to ______ which ______ blood pressure

liver; angiotensin II; increases

Part 1: Functions of the endocrine system

* Regulating ______, growth, and ______

development; metabolism

Part 2: Functions of the endocrine system

* Maintaining homeostasis of ______ ______ and ______

blood composition; volume

Part 3: Functions of the endocrine system

* Controlling ______ processes

digestive

Part 4: Functions of the endocrine system

* Controlling ______ activities

reproductive

What is the difference between hormonal stimulation, humoral stimulation, and nervous system?

**Gland cell releases its hormone when:**

* **Hormonal:** some other hormone binds to it
* **Humoral:** there is a certain change in levels of a nutrient or ion in the blood
* **Nervous system:** a neuron stimulates it

* The adrenal gland is an example of ______ stimulation
* The pancreas is an example of ______ stimulation
* The thyroid gland is an example of ______ stimulation

nervous system; humoral; hormonal

In local hormones:

* Paracrine: Binding to _______
* Autocrine: Binding to ______

**Paracrine:** Neighboring cells

**Autocrine:** Cells that release them

a. Autocrine example:

b. Paracrine example:

a. Macrophage

b. Neuron

Does the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system or the hypothalamic-pituitary tract system contain the following:

* Primary plexus
* Secondary plexus
* Portal vein

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Does the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system or the hypothalamic-pituitary tract system contain the following:

* Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Hypothalamic-pituitary tract system

What are three functions of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

* Increase water reabsorption in kidneys (decrease urine production)
* Cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels
* Stimulate thirst

What are the two functions of oxytocin?

* Stimulate milk ejection
* Cause uterine contraction

What are the three functions of Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) (follicular cells)?

* Increase metabolism and protein synthesis in all cells
* Na/K pump synthesis
* Heat production

What is the function of calcitonin (parafollicular cells/C-cells)?

Decrease blood calcium levels

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine found?

Adrenal medulla

Where are supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei found?

Hypothalamus

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis, axons from the ______ extend through the ______

nuclei; infundibulum

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis, where are terminal branches and synaptic knobs located?

Posterior pituitary gland

a. What causes pituitary gigantism?

b. Does this disorder increase or decrease blood sugar?

a. Overproduction of growth hormones

b. Increase blood sugar

a. What causes pituitary dwarfism?

b. Does this disorder increase or decrease blood sugar?

a. Inadequate production of growth hormones due to a problem in either the hypothalamus or pituitary

b. Decreases blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

a. What is acromegaly?

b. What causes acromegaly?

c. What physical changes does this disorder noticeably cause?

d. Does this disorder increase or decrease glucose release?

a. Overproduction of growth hormones AFTER puberty

b. Loss of feedback control of growth hormone

c. Enlargement of facial bones, hands, and feet

d. Increases glucose release

a. What is hyperthyroidism?

b. What are three potential causes of this disorder?

c. How is this disorder treated?

a. Excessive production of TH

b.

* T4 ingestion
* Excessive stimulation by pituitary
* Loss of feedback control in thyroid (**Graves disease**)

c. Removal of the thyroid (then giving hormone supplements)

a. What is hypothyroidism?

b. What are three potential causes of this disorder?

c. How is this disorder treated?

a. Decreased production of TH

b.

* Decreased iodine intake
* Loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid
* Postsurgical
* Immune system destruction of thyroid (Hashimoto thyroiditis)

c. Thyroid hormone replacement

a. What is a goiter?

b. What is it typically caused by and how?

a. Enlargement of the thyroid

b. Insufficient dietary iodine prevents thyroid from producing thyroid hormone

a. What causes Cushing syndrome?

b. What are five results of Cushing syndrome?

a. Chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoid hormones in people taking corticosteroids for therapy

b.

* Obesity
* Hypertension
* Hirsutism (excess male-pattern hair growth)
* Kidney stones
* Menstrual irregularities

a. What is Addison disease?

b. What are three potential causes of this disorder?

c. What are five results of this disorder?

a. A form of adrenal insufficiency

b.

* Failure of the adrenal glands
* Lack of ACTH
* Lack of response to ACTH

c.

* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Hypotension
* Skin darkening

Membrane receptors:

Lipid soluble (steroid) hormones bind to _______ _______ to activate _______ _______

intracellular receptor; protein synthesis

Membrane receptors:

Water-soluble hormones bind to _______ _______ coupled receptors to stimulate the _______

G protein; cell

Membrane receptors: In GPCR signaling pathways

a. The G protein is active when it’s bound to what?

b. The G protein is inactive when it’s bound to what?

a. GTP

b. GDP

Which type of diabetes does the following describe?

* Absent or diminished release of insulin by the pancreas
* Tends to occur in children and younger individuals
* May have autoimmune component
* Requires daily injections of insulin

Type 1 diabetes

Which type of diabetes does the following describe?

* From decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
* Obesity major cause in development
* Tends to occur in older individuals, but can occur in young adults
* Treatment with diet, exercise, and medications

Type 2 Diabetes

a. What is gestational diabetes?

b. If untreated, what can occur?

c. Which type of diabetes is more likely to be developed after having gestational diabetes?

a. Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

b. Causes risk for fetus and increases delivery complications

c. Type 2 Diabetes

Up-regulation ______ the number of receptors on a target cell while down-regulation ______ the number of receptors on a target cell

increases; decreases

Insulin ______ blood glucose while glucose ______ blood glucose

decreases/lowers; increases/raises

When the number of receptors on a target cell increases, sensitivity to hormones ______, but when the number of receptors on a target cell decreases, sensitivity to hormones When the number of receptors on a target cell increases, sensitivity to hormones is ______

increases; decreases

What are the two potential causes for up-regulation?

* Blood levels of hormones becoming **low**
* Changes in development, cell cycle, cell activity

What are the two causes of down-regulation?

* Blood levels of hormones becoming **high**
* Changes in development, cell cycle, cell activity

Give an example of synergistic interaction

Estrogen and progesterone effects on a target cell

Give an example of permissive interations

Oxytocin’s milk ejection effect requires prolactin’s milk generating effect

Give an example of an antagonistic interaction

Glucagon increases blood glucose while insulin lowers it

What three actions allow growth hormones to stimulate growth?

Increasing…

* Protein synthesis
* Cell division
* Cell differentiation

In the anterior pituitary gland, growth hormones stimulate the ______ to produce insulin (Like growth factors \[LGF\])

liver

In the anterior pituitary gland, growth hormones stimulate ______, ______, and ______ which are needed for energy (ATP) production

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

Thyroid gland hormones stimulate ______, ______, and ______ in order to increase HR and respiration rate

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis